Chapter 8

Information
Systems
Development
and
Acquisition

www.prenhall.com/jessup

8-1
 Learning Objectives

1. Understand the process used

by organizations to manage the
development of information
systems

2. Describe each major phase of

the system development life
cycle: systems identification,
selection, and planning; system
analysis; system design;
system implementation; and
system maintenance

Information Systems Today 8-2 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Learning Objectives

3. Describe Prototyping, rapid

application development, object-
oriented analysis, and design
methods of systems
development along with each
approach’s strengths and
weaknesses
4. Understand the factors involved
in building a system in-house,
along with situations in which it
is not feasible

Information Systems Today 8-3 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Learning Objectives

5. Explain three alternative systems

development options: external
acquisition, outsourcing, and end
user development

Information Systems Today 8-4 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Developing Systems

Systems
SystemsAnalysis
AnalysisandandDesign
Design
AAtraditional
traditionalterm
term used
usedto todescribe
describethe
theprocess
processof
of
designing,
designing,building,
building, and
andmaintaining
maintaininginformation
information
systems
systemsperformed
performedby by analysts
analystsand
and programmers
programmers
Software
SoftwareEngineering
Engineering
AAnewer
newer term
termgiven
givento
toacknowledge
acknowledgethe themovement
movementof of
systems
systemsbuilding
buildingfrom
from art
artto to discipline
discipline by
byprofessionals
professionals
using
usingcommon
commonmethods,
methods,techniques,
techniques, andandtools
toolsfor
for
constructing
constructinginformation
informationsystems
systems
Problem
Problem Decomposition
Decomposition
Systems
Systemsbuilding
building isisaaprocess
processof
of decomposing
decomposinglarge
large
complex
complex problems
problems to to discover
discover and
anddesign
designsolutions
solutionstoto
support
supportthe
theorganization
organization
Information Systems Today 8-5 (©2006 Prentice Hall)
 Problem Decomposition

Information Systems Today 8-6 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Options for Acquiring System Capabilities

Information Systems Today 8-7 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 The Systems Development Life Cycle

The
TheSystem
System Development
DevelopmentLifeLifeCycle
Cycle(SDLC)
(SDLC)isisaastructured
structured
method
methodcomplete
completewith
withtechniques
techniquesdeveloped
developedto
tomanage
managethethe
life
lifecycle
cycleof
ofan
aninformation
informationsystem
system

Information Systems Today 8-8 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Identification, Selection, and Planning

Information Systems Today 8-9 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Identification, Selection, and Planning

System
SystemIdentification
Identification
AAprocess
processused
usedtotoidentify
identifyopportunities
opportunitiesfor
for developing
developing
systems
systemsprojects
projectsto
tosolve
solveproblems.
problems. This
This process
processvaries
varies
greatly
greatlyfrom
from organization
organizationto toorganization
organization

Selection
Selection
The
Theprocess
processofof applying
applyingevaluation
evaluationcriteria
criteriato
topossible
possible
projects
projectsto
toselect
selectthose
thosethat
thatare
arecritical
criticalto
toenabling
enablingthe
the
organization’s
organization’smission,
mission,goals,
goals,and
andobjectives
objectives

Systems
SystemsPlanning
Planning
Developing
Developingformal
formalplans
plansfor
for creating
creatingthe
theinformation
information
systems
systemsproject
project selected.
selected. Some
Someorganizations
organizationscall
call
their
their periodic
periodicprocess
processofofidentification,
identification, selection,
selection, and
and
planning
planning “Information
“InformationSystems
SystemsPlanning
Planning (ISP)”
(ISP)”
Information Systems Today 8-10 (©2006 Prentice Hall)
 System Identification, Selection, and Planning

Criteria
Criteriafor
for evaluating
evaluatingand
andselecting
selectingaasystems
systemsproject
project

Information Systems Today 8-11 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Systems Analysis

Information Systems Today 8-12 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Systems Analysis
Collecting
CollectingSystem
System Requirements
Requirements(Traditional)
(Traditional)
AAcombination
combinationof
of methods
methodsare
areused:
used:
••Interviews
Interviews––discussions
discussionswith
withstakeholders
stakeholders(i.e.
(i.e.users)
users)
••Questionnaires
Questionnaires––surveys
surveysto
toassess
assessuse
useand
andattitudes
attitudes
••Observations
Observations––watch
watchprocess
processand
andsystems
systemsuse
use
••Document
DocumentAnalysis
Analysis––reviewing
reviewingcurrent
currentdocuments
documents

Collecting
Collecting System
SystemRequirements
Requirements(Alternative)
(Alternative)
AAcombination
combinationofof traditional
traditionalmethods
methodsare
areused:
used:
••Critical
CriticalSuccess
SuccessFactors
Factors(CSF’s)
(CSF’s)––aaprocess
processof of
interviewing,
interviewing,recoding,
recoding,and
andanalyzing,
analyzing,and
andmerging
merging
factors
factorsdefined
definedas
ascritical
criticalby
bypersonnel
personnelat atall
alllevels
levelsof ofan
an
organization
organization
••Joint
JointApplication
ApplicationDesign
Design(JAD)
(JAD)--aamethod
methodthatthatbrings
brings
together
togetherusers
usersand
andanalysts
analystsin inaaroom
roomtogether
togetherto todefine
define
requirements.
requirements. This
Thismethod
methodgreatly
greatlyreduces
reducestime
time
Information Systems Today 8-13 (©2006 Prentice Hall)
 Systems Analysis - Critical Success Factors

Information Systems Today 8-14 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Systems Analysis - Joint Application Design

••JAD
JADisisaaspecial
specialtype
typeof
ofaagroup
groupmeeting
meetingininwhich
whichall
all(most)
(most)
users
usersmeet
meetwith
withan
ananalyst
analystat
atthe
thesame
sametime
time
••Users
Usersjointly
jointlydefine
defineand
andagree
agreeupon
uponsystem
systemrequirements
requirementsoror
design
designdramatically
dramaticallyreducing
reducingthe
thedesign
designtime
time
Information Systems Today 8-15 (©2006 Prentice Hall)
 System Analysis – Modeling Organizational Data
The
TheERD
ERDDiagram
Diagram
AAtool
toolused
usedto
toidentify
identifythe
therelationships
relationshipsbetween
betweenentities
entitiesto
to
assist
assistin
indeveloping
developingapplications
applicationsand
and databases
databases

Information Systems Today 8-16 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Requirements, Data, Data Flows, Processing Logic

Information Systems Today 8-17 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Design

Information Systems Today 8-18 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Design - Designing Forms and Reports
Forms
Forms-- aabusiness
businessdocument
document with
withpredefined
predefineddata
dataand
and
places
placesto
tofill
fillin
ininformation
informationthat
thatisisused
usedfor
for system
system input
input
Reports
Reports ––an
anoutput
outputof
ofaasystem
systemthat
thatcontains
containsonly
only
predefined
predefineddata
datausually
usuallyin
inaa tabular
tabular format
format (see
(see below)
below)

Information Systems Today 8-19 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

System Design - Designing Interfaces and Dialogues

An
AnExample
Exampleof
ofaaUser
UserInterface
Interface--Google
Google

Information Systems Today 8-20 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Design - Designing Databases and Files

Information Systems Today 8-21 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Design – Designing Processing Logic

Processing
ProcessingLogic
Logic
The
Theprocessing
processingandandlogic
logicoperations
operationsofofan
aninformation
information
system
system are
arethe
thesteps
stepsand
andprocedures
proceduresthat
thattransform
transform raw
raw
data
datainputs
inputsinto
intonew
newor ormodified
modifiedinformation
information

Processing
ProcessingLogic
LogicExample
Example
Describes
Describesthe
thesteps
stepsfor
forcalculating
calculatingaaGPA
GPA
1.
1. Obtain
Obtainthe
theprior
priorgrade
gradepoint
pointaverage,
average,credits
creditshours
hours
earned,
earned,and
andlist
listof
ofprior
priorcourses
courses
2.
2. Obtain
Obtainthe
thelist
listofofeach
eachcurrent
currentcourse,
course,final
finalgrade,
grade,and
and
course
coursecredit
credithours
hours
3.
3. Combine
Combinethe
theprior
priorand
andcurrent
currentcredit
credithours
hoursinto
into
aggregate
aggregatesums
sums
4.
4. Calculate
Calculatethe
thenewnewgrade
gradepoint
pointaverage
average
Information Systems Today 8-22 (©2006 Prentice Hall)
 System Implementation

Information Systems Today 8-23 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Implementation – Programming and Testing
Software
SoftwareProgramming
Programming ––creating
creatingthe
theinstructions
instructionsfrom
from the
the
programming
programming logic
logicdesign
design using
usingaavariety
variety of
ofprogramming
programming
languages
languagesassisted
assistedmany
manytimes
timesbybylanguage
languageeditors
editors
Software
SoftwareTesting
Testing ––aaseries
seriesof
oftests
testsdesigned
designedto
toidentify
identify
errors
errorsand
andvalidate
validatelogic
logicin
inparallel
parallelwith
withprogramming.
programming. There
There
are
aremultiple
multiple types
typesof
oftesting
testing(see
(seebelow)
below)

Information Systems Today 8-24 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Implementation – System Conversion
Conversion
ConversionApproaches
Approaches ––the
theprocess
processof
of taking
takinginformation
information
from
froman
anold
oldsystem
systemto
topopulate
populateaanew
newsystem.
system. This
Thisisis
accomplished
accomplishedthrough
throughmanual
manualand/or
and/orautomated
automatedmethods
methods

Information Systems Today 8-25 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Implementation – System Documentation
System
SystemDocumentation
Documentation
The
Thecollection
collectionof
of materials
materialsproduced
producedwith
withan
an information
information
system
system to
tosupport
support the
theongoing
ongoing operation
operation and
and
development
development
Documentation
DocumentationTypes Types
••User
Userand
andreference
referenceguides
guides––step-by-step
step-by-stepinstructions
instructionsfor
for
using
usingthe
thesystem
systemfeatures
featuresand
andfunctions
functions
••User
Usertraining
trainingandandtutorials
tutorials––manuals
manualsand andexercises
exercises
designed
designedto toeducate
educateusers
usersandandbuild
buildcompetence
competencein insystem
system
use.
use. These
Thesetraining
trainingmanuals
manualsand andtutorials
tutorialscan
canbebesupported
supported
by
byaadatabase
databasethatthatutilizes
utilizesrealistic
realisticdata
data
••Installation
Installationprocedures
proceduresand andtrouble-shooting
trouble-shooting
suggestions
suggestions––manuals
manualsand andprocedures
proceduresdesigned
designedto to
support
supporttechnical
technicalpersonal
personalin ininstalling
installingand
andproblem
problemsolving
solving
during
duringsystem
systemoperation
operation
Information Systems Today 8-26 (©2006 Prentice Hall)
 System Implementation – System Training
Training
TrainingApproaches
Approaches ––thetheprocesses
processesused
usedto
to educate
educate
users
usersinin new
new business
businessprocesses
processes andand system
system features
features
and
andfunctions
functions with
withthe
thegoal
goalofof building
building competence
competence to to
ensure
ensureoperational
operationalsuccess
success(see
(seepossible
possiblemethods
methods below)
below)

Information Systems Today 8-27 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Maintenance

Information Systems Today 8-28 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 System Maintenance - Maintenance Types

System
System Maintenance
Maintenance
The
Theprocess
processby
bywhich
whichaasystem
systemisiskept
keptin
inworking
workingorder
order
and
andminor
minorenhancements
enhancementsare are completed.
completed. Some
Sometypes
typesof
of
system
systemmaintenance
maintenanceare
areshown
shownbelow
below

Information Systems Today 8-29 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Alternative Development Methods - Prototyping
Prototyping
Prototyping
AAsystems
systemsdevelopment
developmentmethod
method
that
that uses
uses aa“trial-and-error”
“trial-and-error”
approach
approachforfor discovering
discoveringhowhowaa
system
system should
should operate.
operate. Steps
Steps
include:
include:
••Collecting
Collecting requirements
requirements
••Develop/Refine
Develop/RefinePrototype
Prototype
••Review
ReviewPrototype
PrototypewithwithUsers
Users
(Repeat
(Repeatthe
the previous
previous steps
steps until
until
correct
correctdesign
design isiscreated)
created)
••Implement
Implement and
and Use
UseSystem
System

Information Systems Today 8-30 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Alternative Development Methods – RAD
Rapid
RapidApplication
ApplicationDevelopment
Development(RAD)
(RAD)
AArapid
rapidfour-step
four-stepiterative
iterativesystems
systemsdevelopment
developmentmethod
method
utilizing:
utilizing:prototyping,
prototyping,computer-based
computer-baseddevelopment
developmenttools,
tools,
special
specialmanagement
managementpractices,
practices,and
andclose
closeuser
userinvolvement
involvement
RAD
RADPhases
Phases
The
Thefollowing
followingphases
phasesare
are
iterated
iterateduntil
untilthe
the
requirements
requirementsand anddesign
design
are
are completed
completedand and
approved
approved
••Requirements
RequirementsPlanning
Planning
••User
User Design
Design
••Construction
Construction
••Move
Moveto to the
theNew
NewSystem
System

Information Systems Today 8-31 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Alternative Development Methods – Object-Oriented

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)

Similar to SDLA approaches except that it relies on the
tight coupling between data and methods and between
the conceptual design of a system and its actual
implementation.

OOAD Characteristics
• The role of analyst and programmer are combined
while thinking about data and the operations to
define the relevant objects
• The design and implementation of these objects
happen quickly and simultaneously
• It uses a more integrative prototyping process than
the SDLC

Information Systems Today 8-32 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Alternative Development Methods – A Comparison

Information Systems Today 8-33 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Needs for Alternatives to Internal Systems Building

Many times it is not feasible to consider building an information

system internally. Below are four situations that discourage
the idea of developing a system internally
Limited IS The IS organization does not have the
Staff capability to build the system itself

Limited IS The IS organization does not have personnel

Skill Sets with the correct skill sets to build the system

IS Staff is Current IS organization staff demands and

Overworked priorities make it impossible to build a system

Problem IS The IS organization does not have the

Performance appropriate performance level to build a system

Information Systems Today 8-34 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Alternatives to Internal Development

External
ExternalAcquisition
Acquisition
The
Thepurchasing
purchasingof
ofan
an existing
existingsystem
system (hardware,
(hardware,
software,
software, databases,
databases,network)
network) from
froman
an outside
outside
vendor
vendorsuch
suchasasIBM,
IBM,EDS,
EDS,ororAccenture
Accenture

Outsourcing
Outsourcing
Turning
Turning over
over some
some ororall
allresponsibility
responsibility for
for an
an
organization’s
organization’s information
information systems
systemsdevelopment
development and
and
operations
operationsto toan
anoutside
outside firm
firm

End-user
End-user Development
Development
Capitalizing
Capitalizingon
onthe
thesophistication
sophisticationofofcurrent
currentusers,
users,this
this
technique
techniqueallows
allowsthe
the system
system users
usersto todevelop
developtheir
their
system
system functions
functions using
usingaa variety
varietyofof tools
tools
Information Systems Today 8-35 (©2006 Prentice Hall)
 External Acquisition – Steps to Proceed

Steps
Steps in
inExternal
ExternalAcquisition
Acquisition
••System
Systemidentification,
identification,selection,
selection,and andplanning
planning (same
(sameasas
internal
internalmethod)
method)
••Systems
Systemsanalysis
analysis(same(sameas asinternal
internalmethod)
method)
••Development
Developmentof ofaarequest
requestfor forproposal
proposal(RFP)
(RFP)––aareport
report
that
thatisisused
usedto totell
tellvendors
vendorswhatwhatthe therequirements
requirementsare areand
and
how
howtheytheymight
mightbe beable
abletotomeet
meetthose
thoserequirements
requirements
(hardware
(hardwareand andsoftware)
software)
••Proposal
Proposalevaluation
evaluation––may mayinclude
includeviewing
viewingsystem
system
demonstrations,
demonstrations,evaluating
evaluatingthe theperformance
performanceof ofthose
those
systems,
systems,and andexamining
examiningcriteria
criteriaimportant
importantto tothe
the
organization
organizationand andjudging
judginghow howthe theproposed
proposedsystems
systems
respond
respondto tothose
thosecriteria
criteria
••Vendor
Vendorselection
selection––using usingaascoring
scoringsystem
systemdevised
devisedto to
evaluate
evaluatethe thecompeting
competingproposal
proposaland andthen
thenselecting
selectingthe
the
proposal
proposalthatthatbest
bestfits
fitsthe
theorganization’s
organization’sneeds needs
Information Systems Today 8-36 (©2006 Prentice Hall)
External Acquisition – The RFP (Request for Proposal)

Information Systems Today 8-37 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 External Acquisition - Proposal Evaluation Criteria

Information Systems Today 8-38 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Outsourcing – Why Consider?

AAfirm
firm might
might outsource
outsourcesome
some(or
(or all)
all)of
of its
itsinformation
informationsystem
system
service
servicefor
for many
manyreasons:
reasons:
•• Cost
Costand
andquality
qualityconcerns
concerns––current
currentcost
costand
andquality
qualityof
of
information
informationsystems
systemsisisunacceptable
unacceptable
•• Problems
Problemsin inIS
ISperformance
performance––IS ISisishaving
havingtrouble
troublemeeting
meeting
acceptable
acceptableservice
servicestandards
standards
•• Supplier
Supplierpressures
pressures––aggressive
aggressivesalessalestactics
tactics
•• Simplifying,
Simplifying,downsizing,
downsizing,and andreengineering
reengineering––havinghavingaa
need
needtotofocus
focuson oncore
coreprocesses
processes
•• Financial
Financialfactors
factors––turning
turningover
overIS ISsystems
systemscancanstrengthen
strengthenaa
balance
balancesheet
sheet
•• Organizational
Organizationalculture
culture––political
politicalorororganizational
organizationalproblems
problems
that
thatare
aredifficult
difficultfor
forIS
IStotoovercome
overcome
•• Internal
InternalIrritants
Irritants––tension
tensionbetween
betweenthe theIS
ISstaff
staffand
andusers
users
Information Systems Today 8-39 (©2006 Prentice Hall)
 Outsourcing – Types of Arrangements

Outsourcing
Outsourcing Arrangements
Arrangements
Not
Notall
alloutsourcing
outsourcingarrangements
arrangementsare arethe
thesame,
same,they
theycan
can
vary
varybased
basedononthe
theneed
needofof the
thefirm
firm and
andthe
thesupplier
supplier
Arrangement
Arrangement Types Types
••Basic
Basic––AA“cash
“cashand
andcarry”
carry” relationship
relationshipin inwhich
which products
products
and
andservices
servicesare
arepurchased
purchasedon on the
thebasis
basisof of price
priceand
and
convenience
convenience
••Preferred
Preferred––relationships
relationshipswith
withaafewfewsuppliers
supplierswhere
wherethethe
buyer
buyer and
andsupplier
supplier set
setpreferences
preferences and andprices
pricesbased
basedto to
the
thebenefits
benefitsof
ofeach
eachother
other(e.g.
(e.g. volume
volumepricing)
pricing)
••Strategic
Strategic––aarelationship
relationshipwhere
wherethe thefirm
firmand
andaavendor
vendor
are
areeach
eachconcerned
concernedwith,
with, and
andperhaps
perhapshavehaveaadirect
directstake
stake
in,
in,the
thesuccess
successof ofeach
eachother
other

Information Systems Today 8-40 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 Outsourcing – Relationship Management

Managing
Managingthe the IS
ISRelationship
Relationship
Ongoing
Ongoing management
management of of the
the outsourcing
outsourcing alliance
allianceisisthe
the
single
singlemost
mostimportant
important aspect
aspect of of the
theoutsourcing
outsourcingproject’s
project’s
success.
success. TheThefollowing
followingarearerecommendations
recommendationsfor for the
the best
best
management:
management:
••AAstrong
strongCEOCEOand andCIOCIO should
shouldcontinually
continuallymanage
managethe the
legal
legaland
andprofessional
professionalrelationship
relationshipwithwiththe
theoutsourcer
outsourcer
••Clear,
Clear,realistic
realisticperformance
performancemeasurements
measurements of ofthe
the
systems
systemsandandof ofthe
theout
out sourcing
sourcingarrangement
arrangement(e.g. (e.g.
tangible
tangibleand
andintangible
intangiblecosts)
costs)
••The
Theinterface
interfacebetween
betweenthe thecustomer
customerand andoutsourcer
outsourcer
should
shouldhave
havemultiple
multiplelevels
levels (i.e.
(i.e.the
thelinks
linksto
todeal
dealwith
with
policy
policyand
andrelationship
relationshipissues)
issues)

Information Systems Today 8-41 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 End-User Development – Tools
Tools
Tools
Many
Manytools
toolscan
canbebe used
usedby
byend-users
end-usersfor for business
business
applications
applicationsincluding
includingsome
someof
ofthe
thefollowing:
following:
••Personal
PersonalComputer
ComputerTools Tools––tools
toolscommon
commonto toPCs
PCs(e.g.
(e.g.
speadsheets)
speadsheets)that thatallow
allowthe
thecreation
creationofofmacros
macrosor orautomated
automated
routines
routinesbybyusers
users
••Query
Querylanguages/report
languages/reportgenerators
generators––tools toolsthat
thatutilize
utilizeSQL
SQL
to
toextract
extractinformation
informationfrom
fromdatabases
databasesand andgenerate
generatereports
reports
in
inuser-specified
user-specifiedformats
formats
••Graphics
Graphicsgenerators
generators––tools
toolsthat
thatcan
canextract
extractrelevant
relevant
information
informationfrom
fromdatabases
databasesand andcreate
creategraphs,
graphs,charts,
charts,etc.etc.
••Decision
DecisionSupport
Supportand andModeling
ModelingToolsTools––tools
toolsthat
thatsupport
support
complex
complexdecision
decisionmaking
makingutilizing
utilizingmultidimensional
multidimensionalmodels
models
••Application
ApplicationGenerators
Generators––toolstoolsthat
thatallow
allowusers
usersto tospecify
specify
what
whatisisto
tobe
bedone
doneand
andthetheapplication
applicationdecides
decideshowhowititisisto
tobe
be
done
doneandandgenerates
generatesthe theprogram
programcode code

Information Systems Today 8-42 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 End-User Development – Benefits

End-User
End-UserDevelopment
DevelopmentBenefitsBenefits
Embracing
Embracingend enduser
userdevelopment
developmentcan canhelp
helpaddress
addresssomesome
common
commonissuesissueswith
withIS ISdevelopment
developmentincluding:
including:
••Cost
Costof of labor
labor ––ISISmanagers
managers can cansubstitute
substitutehardware
hardware
and
andthethesystems
systemsfor for users
users totodevelop
developsystems
systemsfor forIS
IS
staff
staff
••Long
Longdevelopment
development time time ––allowing
allowingusers
userstotodevelop,
develop,
shortens
shortensdevelopment
development lead leadtimes
times
••Slow
Slow modification
modification ––users userscan
canreact
reactto totheir
their own
own
needs
needs
••Work
Workoverload
overload ––leveraging
leveraging thethe talent
talent of
of the
theend
enduser
user
staff,
staff,in
ineffect,
effect, increases
increasesthe thesize
sizeofof the
theIS
ISstaff
staff

Information Systems Today 8-43 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 End-User Development – The Benefits

Information Systems Today 8-44 (©2006 Prentice Hall)

 End-User Development – Pitfalls

Pitfalls
Pitfalls
End-user
End-userdevelopment
development isis not
not aapanacea,
panacea, common
commonissues
issues
arises
arisesasasitituse
usebecome
becomeforfor prevalent
prevalent including:
including:
••Lack
LackofofStandards
Standards––ififusers
usersdo donot
notadopt
adoptstandards
standardsused used
by
byIS
ISprofessionals
professionals(documentation,
(documentation,error
errorchecking,
checking,testing
testing
procedures),
procedures),thetheIS
ISstaff
staffcan
canexperience
experienceproblems
problemswhen when
supporting
supportingusers,
users,or ortroubleshooting
troubleshootingdata
dataintegrity
integrityand
and
security
securityproblems
problemswhen whenenterprise
enterprisesystems
systemsareareinvolved
involved
••Lack
Lackofofcontinuity
continuity––as asusers
usersleave
leavethe
theorganization
organizationoror
department,
department,newnewemployees
employeesmaymaynot notunderstand
understandexisting
existing
programs
programsandandlose
loseproductivity
productivitylearning
learningor
ordeveloping
developingnew new
applications
applicationsoror“reinventing
“reinventingthe thewheel”
wheel”
••Appropriate
AppropriateUse Useof ofTime
Time––there
thereisisdebate
debatewhether
whetherititisis
appropriate
appropriatefor
forskilled
skilledusers
usersandandmanagers
managersto tobe
bespending
spending
time
timeon
onsystems
systemsdevelopment
development

Information Systems Today 8-45 (©2006 Prentice Hall)