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06/07/21 1
Two sources of numerical error
1) Round off error
2) Truncation error
2
Round off Error
• Caused by representing a number
approximately
1
0.333333
3
2 1.4142...
3
Problems created by round off error
4
Problem with Patriot missile
• Clock cycle of 1/10 seconds was
represented in 24-bit fixed point
register created an error of 9.5 x
10-8 seconds.
• The battery was on for 100
consecutive hours, thus causing
an inaccuracy of
8 s 3600s
9.5 10 100hr
0.1s 1hr
0.342 s
5
Problem (cont.)
• The shift calculated in the ranging system
of the missile was 687 meters.
• The target was considered to be out of
range at a distance greater than 137
meters.
6
Effect of Carrying Significant
Digits in Calculations
7
Find the contraction in the
diameter
Tc
D D (T )dT
Ta
8
Thermal Expansion
Coefficient vs Temperature
T(oF) α (μin/in/oF)
-340 2.45
-300 3.07
-220 4.08
-160 4.72
D D T
-80 5.43
0 6.00
40 6.24
80 6.47
9
Regressing Data in Excel
(general format)
Alpha ( in/in/ F)
8.00
o
4.00
0.00
-400 -200 0 200
o
T ( F)
Alpha ( in/in/ F)
8.00
o 4.00
0.00
-400 -200 0 200
o
T ( F)
15
Example of Truncation Error
2!
16
Another Example of Truncation
Error
secant line
P
tangent line
90
2
y=x
60
30
0 x
0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12
18
Example 1 —Maclaurin series
1.2
Calculate the value of e with an absolute
relative approximate error of less than 1%.
1.2 2 1.2 3
e 1.2
1 1.2 ...................
2! 3!
n
e 1.2
Ea a %
1 1 __ ___
2 2.2 1.2 54.545
3 2.92 0.72 24.658
4 3.208 0.288 8.9776
5 3.2944 0.0864 2.6226
6 3.3151 0.020736 0.62550
f ( x) x 2 f ( x x) f ( x)
Find f (3)
for using f ( x)
x
and x 0.2
f (3 0.2) f (3)
f ' (3)
0.2
f (3.2) f (3) 3.2 2 32 10.24 9 1.24
6.2
0.2 0.2 0 .2 0.2
90
9
2
x dx
2
y=x
60
30 3
0 x
0 3 6 9 12
21
Integration example (cont.)
(6 3) ( x 2 ) (9 6)
2 2
x dx ( x )
x 3 x 6
3
(3 2 )3 (6 2 )3
27 108 135
Actual value is given by
9 9
x 3 93 33
3 x dx 3 3 234
2
3
Truncation error is then
234 135 99
Can you find the truncation error with 4 rectangles?
22
THE END