INTERNATIONAL

SECURITY
PRESENTED BY: MUHAMMAD IDREES
CLASS:BS 5 T H A, ENGLISH DEPT.
ROLL NUMBER: LHR1955
 Introduction

• International security, also called global security, is a term which refers

to the measures taken by states and international organizations, such as
the United Nations, European Union, and others, to ensure mutual survival
and safety. These measures include military action and diplomatic
agreements such as treaties and conventions. International and national
security is invariably linked. International security is national security or
state security in the global arena.
Concept of International Security in international
relations

• Walter Lippmann (1944) views security as the capability of a country to

protect its core values, both in terms that a state need not sacrifice core
values in avoiding war and can maintain them by winning war. David
Baldwin (1997) argues that pursuing security sometimes requires
sacrificing other values, including marginal values and prime
values. Richard Ullman (1983) has suggested that a decrease in
vulnerability is security.
• Arnold Wolfers (1952) argues that "security" is generally a normative term. It is
applied by nations "in order to be either expedient a rational means toward an
accepted end or moral, the best or least evil course of action". In the same way that
people are different in sensing and identifying danger and threats, Wolfers argues that
different nations also have different expectations of security. Not only is there a
difference between forbearance of threats, but different nations also face different
levels of threats because of their unique geographical, economic, ecological, and
political environment.
• 
• Barry Buzan (2000) views the study of international security as more than a study of
threats, but also a study of which threats that can be tolerated and which require
immediate action. He sees the concept of security as not either power or peace, but
something in between. The concept of an international security actor has extended in
all directions since the 1990s, from nations to groups, individuals, international
systems, NGOs, and local governments.
 Paradigms of international security and multi-
sum Security Principle
 
• Traditional approaches to international security usually focus on state actors and their military capacities
to protect national security. However, over the last decades the definition of security has been extended
to cope with the 21st century globalized international community, its rapid technological developments
and global threats that emerged from this process. One such comprehensive definition has been proposed
by Nayef Al-Rodhan. What he calls the “Multi-sum security principle” is based on the assumption that
“in a globalized world, security can no longer be thought of as a zero-sum game involving states alone.
Global security, instead, has five dimensions that include:
• Human Security
• Environmental Security
• National Security
• Transnational Security
• Transcultural security
 Substrates of the five dimension
• The first dimension refers to human security, a concept that makes the principle referent
object of security the individual, not the state.
• The second dimension is environmental security and includes issues like climate change,
global warming, and access to resources.
• The third substrate refers to national security, defined as being linked to the state’s
monopoly over use of force in a given territory and as a substrate of security that
emphasizes the military and policing components of security.
• The fourth component deals with transnational threats such as organized crime, terrorism,
and human trafficking.
• Finally, the integrity of diverse cultures and civilizational forms tackles the issue of
transcultural security.
 Normative vs instrumental approaches to
international security

There are two very different approaches to security evident within international relations:
• Normative approach to security
• Instrumental approach to security  
• A normative view of security is one predicated upon values, ideas and identities. The clear
implication of this subject guide is that security should be regarded as fundamentally normative
because without it human life is reduced to a basic struggle for survival. This normative view is
also evident in the Buzan, Bain, Economides and Berdal and, to a lesser extent, Hough essential
texts. When we approach security in this way, our analysis tends towards hard choices between
competing values (e.g., as between security of the state and security of the person). These
choices are concerned not only with the ends or goals of security policy but also with the means
used to pursue them.
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• Thus, security policy itself comes to be regarded as a series of moral dilemmas to which there
can be no easy solutions. But much of the wider literature on security (e.g., many of the leading
journals cited at the end of the introduction to this subject guide) takes a rather different view,
one constituted by instrumentalism or the belief that policies should be judged only by their
outcomes.
• Neo-realism is a case in point. Neo-realism is a material approach informed by power
capabilities and quantifiable risks. Moral dilemmas are not only absent from such analyses but
tend to be regarded as deeply inappropriate because of their ability to distract us from the
rational pursuit of our interests.
International Security in term of Realism,
Constructivism and Liberalism school of
thoughts
 
• Realist approach to international security 
• In this approach of security state focuses on military aspects of security,
deterrence, balance of power, pursuits of power rooted in human nature,
anarchy holds a privileged position.
• Security here comes from mitigation of threat. This concept peaked in cold
war era revolving around control, threat or use of force.
 Constructivist approach to international security

• This approach focuses on the territoriality, security, enemy and threat.

According to the security concept of this approach Security and other
concepts as institutions differ in different situations. They do not have
timeless and unconditional meanings. Actors define them on the basis of
the new situations, while their practices shape their meanings. For instance
they define the institutions of enemies and friends, such as the military
advances of British have different meanings from the military advance of
Cuba for the United States.
 Liberalism approach to international security

• Since the 18th century, liberalism has extremely influenced the studies of
international politics. This approach see the relationship among the states
as a potential realm and purposive change, state ought to be constrained
from acting in ways that undermine freedom, states can lead to trust in
each other in certain conditions.
• According to the security concept of liberalism states can choose over time
to create and sustain international conditions under which they will be
more or less secure, focus on increasing security via international law and
organization continued as well.
 Conclusion

• Decisive measures must be taken by nations and international organizations to ensure mutual
survival and safety. In the past several years, key governments and multilateral institutions have
devoted considerable effort to the task of more effectively integrating development and security
policy responses to the related challenges of countries affected by conflict, post-conflict
peacebuilding, and conflict prevention. The looming deadline of the Millennium Development
Goals has focused attention on this important nexus and the near impossibility of crisis- and
conflict-affected states achieving these goals unless development and security is more
effectively integrated. Despite progress on several fronts, including at the United Nations and at
the international financial institutions, developing policy for effective development and
security engagement remains a challenge in both conceptual and operational terms not least
because discussion of political, security, economic, and humanitarian issues traditionally has
occurred in different multilateral fora, among different sets of stakeholders.
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• Consequently, coherent and integrated development, security and political support to countries

emerging from conflicts have proven difficult. Organizing the international response around
early support to economic recovery, livelihoods, and services, and the core task of state
building has proven a greater challenge. Core political, security, economic, and humanitarian
tasks are carried out by an ad hoc and fragmented array of bilateral and
multilateral development actors. CIC’s focus is to aid global actors in creating more effective
and everlasting security. 
THANK YOU