Theories and Models for

community
health nursing
• Nightingale’s theory of environment
• Nursing is different from medicine and the goal of nursing is to place the
patient in the best possible condition for nature to act.
• Poor or difficult environments led to poor health and disease".
• Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that the natural laws
would allow healing to occur."

• Orem’s Self care model

• People should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care and others in
their family needing care
• Successfully meeting universal and development self care requisites is an
important component of primary care prevention and ill health
• Self care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a socio-cultural
context
• Orem identifies 5 methods of helping: Acting/doing, Guiding, Supporting,
Providing, Teaching.
• Neumann's health care system model
• Health is the condition in which all parts and subparts (variables) are in
harmony with the whole of the client (Neuman, 1995)”.
 • The person is a layered multidimensional being; Physiological, Psychological, Socio-
cultural, Spiritual, Developmental.
• The component which disturb the person’s layer is stressor. Inharmonious of the system
is the cause of the illness.
• the task of nursing to address the client as the whole person.

• Roger’s model of the science and unitary man

• The purpose of nurses is to promote health and well-being for all person and groups with
the imaginative and creative use of nursing knowledge, wherever they are using the art
and science of nursing.
• Rogers proposes a nursing practice of noninvasive modalities, such as therapeutic touch,
humor, guided imagery, use of color, light, music, meditation focusing on health
potential of the person.
• Maintenance and promotion of health, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis,
intervention, and rehabilitation encompasses the scope of nursing.

• Pender’s health promotion model

• Health promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome, which makes it the
end point in the Health Promotion Model.
• Families, peers, and health care providers are important sources of interpersonal
influence that can increase or decrease commitment to and engagement in health-
promoting behavior.
• Health professionals, such as nurses, constitute a part of the interpersonal
environment, which exerts influence on people through their life span.
• Roy’s adaptation model
•  the goal of nursing is to promote adaptation of the patient during illness and health
in all four of the modes.
• Physiological, this include the human-being basic need; water, air, food.
• self-concept, maintenance of the mind. The person’s perceptions of his or her
physical and personal self
•  the role function- social integrity, including people adaptation to the rules changes.
• Interdependence- also addresses social integrity. The balance between
independence and interdependence in a person’s relationships with other people.

• Block and Jostens's Ethical Theory of population

focused nursing.
• proposed this based on intersecting fields of public health and nursing, which are:
• an obligation to population
• the primacy of prevention
• centrality of relationship- based care. There must trust relationships based on
experience and knowledge between nurse and client in order to fulfill the
person-oriented care.
• Salmon White’s Construct for Public health nursing
• Mark Salmon White (1982) describes a public health as an organized societal effort
to protect, promote and restore the health of people and public health nursing as
focused on achieving and maintaining public health.
• He gave 3 practice priorities i.e.; Prevention of disease and poor health,
Protection against disease and external agents and Promotion of health.
• Milio’s Framework of prevention
• developed a framework for prevention that includes concepts of community-
oriented, population focused care.(1976,1981).
• The basic treatise is that behavioral patterns of populations and individuals who
make up populations are a result of habitual selection from limited choices.
• She challenged the common notion that a main determinant for unhealthful
behavioral choice is lack of knowledge.