LOGO Bab 12.

Perhitungan Proses
Pembakaran

Jurusan Teknik Mesin

Sekolah Tinggi Teknik PLN
CONTENTS

11 Introduction

22 Combustion

33 Conservation of Energy Reacting System

INTRODUCTION

 Fuel : Any Material that

Why did this can be burned to release
happen?? thermal energy
 Most familiar fuels
consist primarily
hydrogen and carbon, so
its called hydrocarbon
fuel and denoted by
general formula CnHm
 The other form of fuel is
biomass, its renewable
fuel
 The other form of fuel
are : LNG, CNG, LPG
 COMBUSTION
 In combustion reactions, rapid oxidation of combustible elements of the fuel results in
energy release as combustion products are formed.
 Three major combustible elements in common fuels are
►carbon
►hydrogen
►sulfur

 Sulfur is usually a relatively unimportant contributor to the energy released, but it can
be a significant cause of pollution and corrosion problem.

 Combustion is complete when

►All carbon present in the fuel is burned to carbon dioxide
►All hydrogen present is burned to water
►All sulfur present is burned to sulfur dioxide
►All other combustible elements are fully oxidized
 When these conditions are not fulfilled, combustion is incomplete.
 COMBUSTION
 Combustion reaction expressed by chemical equation of the form :

Fuel
Oxidizer

 The important this in combustion process are :

1. Stoichiometric coefficient
2. Mass of the product equals the mass of reactants
3. Total mass of each chemical element must be the same on both sides of the
equation
4. Number of moles of product may differ from the number of moles of reactant
 COMBUSTION
Fuel
 Hydrocarbon fuels can exits as liquid, gases and solid
 Liquid hydrocarbon fuels are commonly derived from crude oil through distilation and
cracking process. For example : gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, etc
 Gaseous hydrocarbon fuels are obtained from natural gas wells or are produced in certain
chemical process, Natural gas normally consists of several different hydrocarbon, with the
major constituent being methane (CH4)
 Coal is a familiar solid fuel. Its composition varies considerably with the location from which
it is mined. For combastion calculations, the composition usually expressed as an ultimate
analysis.
 The ultimate analysis gives the composition on a mass basis in terms of the relative amount of
chemical elements (Carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, nitrogen, nitrogen, oxygen) and ash.
 COMBUSTION
Example: Determine the balanced reaction equation for complete combustion of methane
(CH4) with oxygen (O2).
►For complete combustion, the products contain only carbon dioxide and water:

CH4 + aO2 → bCO2 + cH2O

where a, b, c denote the moles of O2, CO2, and H2O, respectively, each per mole of
CH4.
►Applying conservation of mass to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen:

C: 1 = b H: 4 = 2c O: 2a = 2b + c

►Solving these equations, the balanced reaction equation is

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

 COMBUSTION
Modeling Combustion Air

 Oxygen is required in every combustion reaction. In most combustion applications, air

provides the needed oxygen.
 The following model of dry air is used for simplicity:
1. All components of dry air other than oxygen are lumped together with nitrogen.
With this idealization, air is considered to be 21% O2 and 79% N2 on a molar
basis.
Accordingly, when air supplies the oxygen in a combustion reaction, every mole of
O2 is accompanied by 0.79/0.21 = 3.76 moles of N2.
2. The nitrogen present in the air is assumed inert.
3. The molecular weight of dry air is 28.97.
 When moist air is used in combustion, the water vapor present in the air should be
considered in writing the combustion equation.
 COMBUSTION
Air-Fuel Ratio
► The air-fuel ratio is the ratio of the amount of air in a combustion reaction to the amount
of fuel.
► The air-fuel ratio can be written on a molar basis:
moles of air
AF 
moles of fuel

or on a mass basis:
mass of air
AF 
mass of fuel
► Conversion between these values is accomplished using the molecular weights of air,
Mair, and fuel, Mfuel,

► The fuel-air ratio is the reciprocal of the air-fuel ratio.

 COMBUSTION
Teoritical Amount of Air
 The theoretical amount of air is the minimum amount of air that supplies sufficient
oxygen for the complete combustion of all the carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur present in
the fuel.
 For complete combustion with the theoretical amount of air, the products consist of
CO2, H2O, and SO2 plus nitrogen present in the reactants. No free oxygen, O2, appears
in the products.
 Normally the amount of air supplied is either greater than or less than the theoretical
amount. The amount of air actually supplied is commonly expressed as
►A percent of theoretical air – e.g., 150% of theoretical air equals 1.5 times the
theoretical amount.
►A percent excess (or percent deficiency) of air – e.g., 50% excess air equals 150%
of theoretical air.
 In practical applications, combustion is generally incomplete.
 The products of combustion of actual combustion processes and their relative amounts
can be determined only by measurement.
 Certain devices for measuring the composition of combustion products report the
analysis on a dry product analysis basis where the mole fractions are given for all
products except water.
 CASE OF COMBUSTION
Determine the air-fuel ratio on both a molar and mass basis for the complete
combustion of octane, C8H18, with
a. The theoretical amount of air
b. 150% theoretical air (50% excess air)

Assumption
1. Each mole of oxygen in the combustion air is accompanied by 3.76 moles of
nitrogen
2. The nitrogen is inert
3. Combustion is complete

C8 H18   0 2  3.76 N 2   CO2  H 2O  N 2

 CASE OF COMBUSTION
Applying the conservation of mass principle to the carbon,
The air-Fuel mixture
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen mole basis can be write :
12.5  12.5 3.76  kmol  air 
AF   59.5
C8 H18  a  0 2  3.76 N 2   bCO2  cH 2O  dN 2 1 kmol  fuel 
The molecular weigh of
Descrip Reactants Product air and fuel can be seen
C 8 b at table A1
Table A1
H 18 2c
Air = 28.97 kg/kmol
O 2a 2b+c C = 8(12.01) = 96.08 kg/kmol
N 3.76a d H = 9(2.016) = 18.144 kg/kmol
Sehingga C8H18= 114.224 kg/kmol
2c  18 2a  2b  c 3.76a  d Therefore the air-fuel
c9 2a  2 8  9 3.7612.5  d mixture mass basis can
 M 
be calculate by : AF  AF  M air 
a  12.5 d  47  fuel 
The new reaction can be write as :  28.97 
AF  59.5 kg  air 
  15.09 kg  fuel 
C8 H18  12.5 0 2  3.76 N 2   8CO2  9 H 2O  47 N 2  114 .224 
 CASE OF COMBUSTION
% theoretical air (50% excess air)
C8 H18  1.512.5 0 2  3.76 N 2   bCO2  cH 2O  dN 2  eO2

Descrip Reactants Product

C 8 b
H 18 2c
O (1.5)(12.5)(2) 2b+c+2e
N (1.5)(12.5)(3.76) d

2c  18 1.512.5 2  2b  c  2e 1.512.5 3.76  d

c9 37.5  2 8  9  2e d  70.5
37.5  25  2e
e  6.25
The new reaction can be write as :
C8 H18  18.75 0 2  3.76 N 2   8CO2  9 H 2O  70.5 N 2  6.25O2
 CASE OF COMBUSTION
The air-Fuel mixture mole basis can be
write :
18.75  18.75 3.76  kmol  air 
AF   89.25
1 kmol  fuel 

The molecular weigh of air and fuel

can be seen at table A1
Table A1
Air = 28.97 kg/kmol
C = 8(12.01) = 96.08 kg/kmol
H = 9(2.016) = 18.144 kg/kmol
Sehingga C8H18= 114.224 kg/kmol
Therefore the air-fuel
mixture mass basis can
 M 
be calculate by : AF  AF  M air 

 fuel 

 28.97 
AF  89.25 kg  air 
  22.64 kg  fuel 
 114 .224 
 CASE OF COMBUSTION

Ethanol (C2H5OH) is burned with air to give products with the dry molar analysis 3.16%
CO2, 16.6% CO, 80.24% N2. Determine the balanced chemical reaction.
►Basing the solution for convenience on 100 moles of dry products, the reaction equation
reads:

a C2H5OH + b(O2 + 3.76N2) → 3.16CO2 + 16.6CO + 80.24N2 + cH2O

where a denotes the moles of Also note that a term

fuel required for 100 moles of accounting for the water
dry products. formed in this reaction
must be included.
 CASE OF COMBUSTION
aC2H5OH + b(O2 + 3.76N2) → 3.16CO2 + 16.6CO + 80.24N2 + cH2O

►Applying conservation of mass

C: 2a = 3.16 + 16.6 → a = 9.88 H: 6a = 2c → c = 29.64
N: 3.76b = 80.24 → b = 21.34 Checking:
O: a + 2b = 3.16(2) + 16.6 + c
52.56 = 52.56

►The balanced reaction equation is

9.88C2H5OH+21.34(O2+3.76N2)→3.16CO2+16.6CO+80.24N2+29.64H2O

►Expressing this on a per mole of fuel basis

C2H5OH + 2.16(O2 + 3.76N2) → 0.32CO2 + 1.68CO + 8.12N2 + 3H2O
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM
Evaluating the Enthalpy
 For reacting system, it is necessary to evaluate h, u, and s in such a way that there are no
subsequent ambiguities or inconsistencies in evaluating properties.
 An enthalpy datum for the study of reacting system can be established by assigning arbitrarily
a value of zero to the enthalpy of the stable elements at a state called the standard reference
state and defined by Tref = 298.15 K (25oC) and Pref = 1 atm
 The enthalpy of a compound at the standard state equals its enthalpy of formation, symbolized
h fo
as
 The enthalpy of formation is the energy released or absorbed when the compound is formed
from its elements (Tref and Pref)
 The enthalpy of formation also can be found in principle by measuring the heat transfer in a
reaction in which the compound is formed from the elements
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM
Consider the simple reactor show as below, in which carbon and oxygen each enter at T ref and Pref
and reach completely at steady state to form carbon dioxide at the same temperature and pressure.
The reaction show as below
C  O2  CO2
The rate of heat transfer and the enthalpies of the incoming and
exiting streams are related by energy rate balance with no Work
and negligible
. effect
. of kinetics
. and potential
. energy :
0  Q CV  m C .hC  m O2 .hO2  m CO2 .hCO2
. . . .
For molar basis, can be write : 0  Q CV  n C .hC  n O2 .hO  n CO2 .hCO
2 2

The specific enthalpy of carbon dioxide can be calculated : Since carbon and oxygen are stable
. . . . elements, at standard state hC  hO  0 2
Q CV nC n O2 Q CV .
hCO2  .
 .
hC  .
hO2  .
 hC  hO2 Q CV
n CO2 n CO2 n CO2 n CO2 , therefore : hCO  .
2

n CO2
The specific enthalpy of a compound at a state other than the standard state is found by adding
the specific enthalpy change as below

h  T , P   h fo  h  T , P   h Tref , Pref   h o
f  h
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM
That is, the enthalpy of a compound is composed of
o
►hf associated with the formation of the compound from its elements. This is obtained
from Tables A-25 and A-25E.
► associated with the change in state from the standard state to the state where
temperature is T and the pressure is p. Since this term is a difference at fixed
composition, it can be evaluated from the ideal gas tables, steam tables, or other
tables, as appropriate.

►The enthalpy of formation concept enables the control volume energy rate balance to be
implemented for engineering applications involving combustion, including
►Calculation of heating values
►Calculation of adiabatic flame temperature

►The following example provides a specific illustration showing use of the enthalpy of
formation.
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM

 For reacting systems, the methods used for evaluating specific enthalpy and specific
entropy differ fundamentally from the practices used thus far in nonreacting
applications. This brings in two new concepts:
►Enthalpy of formation
►Absolute entropy

 A simple example illustrates the need for revising the

way enthalpy and entropy are evaluated in reacting
systems. The figure shows a control volume in
which hydrogen and oxygen enter, each as ideal
gases, and react to form liquid water according
H2 + ½Oto 2 → H 2O

H2
H2O
O2
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM
H2
H2 + ½O2 → H2O H2 O
O2

 To apply an energy balance to the control volume, we might think of using enthalpy
data from the steam tables for liquid water and from Table A-23 for the gases.

 However, since those tables use arbitrary datums to assign enthalpy values, they
must be used only to determine differences in enthalpy between two states,.
 For the case under consideration, H2 and O2 enter the control volume but do not exit, and
liquid water exits but does not enter. Accordingly, enthalpy differences from inlet to exit
do not arise for each of these substances when applying an energy balance to the control
volume. For each it is necessary to assign enthalpy values in a way that the common
datum cancels. This is achieved using the enthalpy of formation.

 Like considerations apply when evaluating entropy values for substances in reacting
systems; for them absolute entropy values are required.
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM
Control Volume at steady state

Consider the steady-state reactor shown

figure beside, which a hydrocarbon CaHb
burn completely with the theoretical
amount of air with reaction :
 b b  b
Ca H b   a   O 2  3.76 N 2   aCO2  H 2O   a  3.76 N 2
 4 2  4

For this case can be solve by : With the value of h

. . 0
Q CV W CV
.
 .  hP  hR 
h  h fo h  TA   h Tref 
nF nF
The final equation for solve this problem can be write
. .
Q CV
.

W CV
.

  ne h fo  h    n h
e i f
o
 h  i
nF nF P R
 CASE OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM

Methane, CH4 is burned with dry air. The molar analysis of the product on dry basis
is CO2, 9.7%; CO, 0.5%; O2, 2.95% ; and N2 86.85%. Methane gas at 400 K and 1
atm enter the combustion chamber and mixed with air entering at 500 K and 1atm.
The product combustion exit at 1800 K and 1 atm. For operation at steady sate,
determine the rate of heat transfer from combustion chamber in kJ per kmol of fuel.
Neglect kinetic and potential energy effect. The avarage value for the specific heat cp
of methane between 298 and 400 K is 38 kJ/kmol.K
 CASE OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM
Applying the conservation of mass principle to the carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
aCH 4  b 0 2  3.76 N 2   9.7CO2  0.5CO  2.95O2  86.85 N 2  cH 2O

Descript Reactants Product

C a 9.7+0.5
H 4a 2c
O 2b (9.7)(2)+0.5+(2)(2.95)+c
N 3.76b 86.85
a  9.7  0.5 4a  2c 2b   9.7  2   0.5   2  2.95  c
a  10.2 410.2   2 c  2b  19.4   0.5   5.9   20.4
c  20.4 b  23.1
The new reaction can be write as :
10.2CH 4  23.1 0 2  3.76 N 2   9.7CO2  0.5CO  2.95O2  86.85 N 2  20.4 H 2O
 CASE OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM

10.2CH 4  23.1O2  86.86 N 2  9.7CO2  0.5CO  2.95O2  86.86 N 2  20.4 H 2O

Divided by 10.2, the reaction become
CH 4  2.264O2  8.515 N 2  0.95CO2  0.049CO  0.289O2  8.515 N 2  2 H 2O
The energy rate balance :
.
Q CV
.
 hP  hR
nF
Note, that :
The enthalpy of Reactant :
4 2 2

hR  ni  h fo  h  CH  ni  h fo  h  O  ni  h fo  h  N h  h  TA   h Tref
 
0 0
hR  ni  h f  c p.T  CH  ni  h f  h  O  ni  h f  h  N
o o o
Temperature Temperature
4 2 2

enter chamber reference

The value of enthalpy per mole can be seen at table A-23
500K 298K
The value of enthalpy formation per mole can be seen at table A-25
hR    74.850  38 400  298   2.26414770  8682  8.51514581  8669

hR  6844 kJ
kmol  CH 4 
 CASE OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM

The enthalpy of Product :

hP  0.95  393520   88806  9364    0.049  110530  58191  8669    0.289 60371  8682
 8.515 57671  8669   2  241820   72513  9904  

hP  228079 kJ
kmol  CH 4 
.
Q CV
   228079 kJ     6844 kJ
 

.
 kmol CH 4    kmol  CH 4  
nF
.
Q CV
   228079 kJ     6844 kJ
 

.
 kmol  CH 4    kmol  CH 4  
nF
.
Q CV
 221235 kJ
. kmol  CH 4 
nF
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM
HEATING VALUE
 The heating values of hydrocarbon fuels have important applications.
 The heating value of a fuel is the difference between the enthalpy of the reactants
and the enthalpy of the products when the fuel burns completely with air, reactants
and products being at the same temperature T and pressure p.
 That is, the heating value per mole of fuel

 n h  n h
R
i i
P
e e

  
R
  n h
ni hfo  h i 
P
e f
o
 h  e

where
►R denotes the reactants and P denotes the products.
►The n’s correspond to the coefficients of the reaction equation, each per mole
of fuel.
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY REACTING SYSTEM
HEATING VALUE

 Two heating values are recognized by name:

►The higher heating value (HHV) is obtained when all the water formed by
combustion is a liquid.
►The lower heating value (LHV) is obtained when all the water formed by
combustion is a vapor.
►The higher heating value exceeds the lower heating value by the energy that would be
released were all water in the products condensed to liquid.
 DETERMINING THE ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE

►To introduce the adiabatic flame

Fuel at
temperature concept, consider the TF
reactor at steady state shown in the Heat
Transfer
figure

►In the absence of work W cv and appreciable kinetic and potential energy effects, the
energy liberated on combustion is transferred from the reactor in two ways only
►Energy accompanying the exiting combustion products
►Heat transfer to the surroundings
►The smaller the heat transfer to the surroundings, the greater the energy carried out with
the combustion products and thus the greater the temperature TP of the combustion
products.
►The adiabatic flame temperature is the temperature that would be achieved by the
products in the limit of adiabatic operation.
►The maximum adiabatic flame temperature corresponds to complete combustion with
the theoretical amount of air.
 DETERMINING THE ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE
 The adiabatic flame temperature can be determined by use of the conservation of mass and
conservation of energy principles.
 The equation to solve that problem using :
hP  hR
 ne .he   ni .hi
P R

 e f  h
n . h o
    n . h
e i f
o
 h  i
P R

 n . h 
P
e e   ni . h  i   ni .h fio   ne .h feo
R R P
 REFERENCE
Moran, M.J., and Shaphiro, H.N., 2006, Fundamentals of Engineering
Thermodynamics 5th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, England
THANK
YOU