KINETIC MOLECULAR

THEORY OF GAS
MEANING OF KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY OF GAS

Explain about macroscopic properties of gas,

like; pressure,temperature, or volume, with
see to compositionof molecular and its
movement.
Classical Mechanics of Imaginary
Particle in a Container
Classical Mechanics of Imaginary Particle in a
Container
In classical mechanics,
The imaginary particle
or can we say it
microscopic particle ,
we can be determined
the :

1. Position

2. Velocity
1. Position

If the particle moves in a three-dimensional

(3D)system, we can determine
position through the Cartesian coordinates
(x, y, and z).

ri=ixi+jyi+kzi
Position i is the unit vector in
the positive direction on
the x-axis, position the unit
vector j is in the positive y-
axis direction, and the unit
vector position k is in the
direction of the positive z
axis.
• Velocity
The velocity of particle to-i is determined by the
velocity vector vi,

Velocity component vi is the number of changes

xi, yi, and zi
Velocity vector can be
represented geometrically as
in figure. Velocity vector
direction is the direction in
which the particle moves . Lag
is the amount of speed, which
is given by the Pythagorean
theorem in three-dimensional
position.

This equation shows that the

magnitude of the vector is
always non-negative (positive
or zero).
 Kinetics Particle in Container
Equations, Calculation of a Particle
Velocity
Kinetics Particle in Container Equations

1. Gas momentum change can be expressed by:

p = final momentum – initial momentum
p = -m0vx – m0vx = -2m0vx
2. Interval of time for the trip can be calculated
by: apabila kembali ke tempat asal
3. Newton's second law:

Jika areanya
segiempat

V2X=V2X+V22X+….+V2NX
N

Substitusi kembali ke
persamaan , dengan V=d 3
Square of the speed of each gas molecule is:
In accordance with the assumption that each molecule
moves randomly in all directions with keep pace, then the
average kuardat velocity in the direction of x, y, and z are
equal, vx=vy=vz

If the value of VX2 can put pressure equation, so:

Where: P = Pressureof gas (atm)

m= mass a particle (molecule) of gas (kg)
v2= average square of the velocity (m2/s2)
V = Volume of gas (m3)
Calculation of a Particle Velocity
Average square of the velocity of gas particles v2 can be expressed as:

Effective velocity Vrms (rms = root mean square) is defined as the root of
the mean square of the velocity,

• With state Ek = ½ mov2rms, it will form the equation:

½m 0 v2rms = 3 k T
2
vrms = 3k T
m0
Due to the number of moles of gas, n= m total = N mo ,
Mr Mr
or

n= N , so mo = Mr
NA NA
Remember that, k = R , k is Boltzmann Kostant it will form n
NA
vrms =

vrms = 3R/NAT
Mr/NA
Vrms = 3RT
Mr
 Boltzmann Distribution, and
Determination of Boltzmann Constant
• Boltzmann Distribution

Boltzmann distribution in chemistry, physics,

and mathematics is a probability distribution
function or declare a state of measurements
to the distribution system.

Boltzmann distribution is used specifically to

describe the particle velocity gas.
P= NRT P = N(O) Where:
N(O) and N(Z) is the
number of molecule
NAV PO N(Z) in thin layer.

mgz = ep(z)-ep(0) = ep,

from equation above, we can be written as:
(1)
 (2)

Equation (1) and (2) are each special cases of the more general
The Boltzmann Distribution Law :
• Determination of Boltzmann Constant
The Boltzmann constant (k or kB), named after Ludwig
Boltzmann, is a physical constant relating energy at
the individual particle level with temperature. It is the
gas constant(R)divided by the Avogadro constant (NA ):

The Boltzmann constant can be determined from

experimen had been done by scientiest or ,we can get
it, if we have some data that will point us to get
Boltzmann constant .
Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistic Mechanics
and Derivation
Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistic Mechanics

Each energy level can be occupied by any

particle energy levels and each has the same
probability to be occupied. Looking probability
of particle placement is to find the number of
ways how the particles are placed.
 If N is the total number of particles involved in
this system, the way the particles placement are
as follows:
• To put the first particles there are N ways (because
there are N particles involved).
• To put the two existing particles (N - 1) ways
(because after the first particle placement there
are (N - 1) particles).
• For placing third particle exist (N - 2) ways, and so
on. N1 number of ways to place N particles in E1
levels are N (N -1) (N - 2) (N - 3) ​...... (N - n1)
• Example ?
Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, the partition
function:

Number for all circumstances into account

also that the particles with particle
can be distinguished.
Note the possible permutations, so that for N
particles:
Here nr = 0, 1, 2, 3,... with restrictions:

Partition function can be written:

Which is nothing but a binomial Newton:

or
And then:

Final equation :
 Question
1. If the temperature of an ideal gas in a closed room temperature is
raised become 4 times before. Then the velocity of the particles
become. . . .

a. 1/4 times the original

b. 1/2 times its original

c. 2 times the original

d. 4 times the original

e. 16 times the original

2. 16 grams of helium atoms at a temperature of
27 ° C has a speed of 7.76 x 10-6, if the number
Avogadro is 6.022 x 10 -23, determine the
Boltzmann constant!
 Mean
Free-Path

Barometric
Equation

KINETIC
MOLECULAR
THEORY OF
GAS
Gas
Diffusion
and
Graham’s
Some Law
Application
Mean Free-Path
 Mean Free-Path

Gas out from pipe

Spread to enviroment

So, The average distance of all the paths of a molecule

is called as The mean free path.
 2nd collision
The Path

1st collision

Distane of path = d
Total of free path of ball is four in five collisions.
Mean free-path (λ) = d(1)+d(2)+d(3)+d(4)
4

total of free-path
 Calculation
In reality, the mean free path cannot be
calculated by taking the average of all the
paths because it is impossible to know the
distance of each path traveled by a molecule.
But can be calculate from the average speed
(c) divide with collision frequency (z)
λ= c
z
= 1
Average time between collision

λ = c x (average time between collision)

λ= 1
Π d2 (N/V)

Z =Π d2 c (N/V)
 Factors Affecting Mean Free Path
1.Density
2.Radius of molecule
3.Pressure,
4.Temperature, and other factors that affect density can
indirectly affect mean free path.
Gas Diffusion and Graham’s Law
 Gas Diffusion

Particle of gas in
air

The scent particles in

bottle

Diffusion of a gas is the process where particles of

one gas are spread throughout another gas by molecular
motion.
Diffusion of gas can be explain with square of
average distance

= t (time)

= average distance

D = diffusion of molecule
constant
T = time
= root square of
average distance
Proposionality constant of gas is

D ∞ λ and c
Graham Law of Effusion

Effusion is the process

where gas molecules escape
from an evacuated container
though a small hole.
 Small particle, lighter particle,
fast speed and the first
particle escape

Graham's law of effusion comes in. It

tells us the rate at which the molecules
of a certain gas exit the container, or
effuse.
 Derivate of Graham's law from Kinetic Theory

Two gas at the same

tempature (T), average
kinetic of gas is same
simplify

Where:   v1 = the average velocity of the

molecules in gas 1,
  v2 = the average velocity of the
molecules in gas 2, m1 and m2  = their
respective molar masses
Rearranging
Taking the square
root of both sides
gives the equation,
The Graham law of Effusion
Use to compare two gas
in the same conditions.

Example: if gas A and gas B both diffuse in the same amount of

time, but gas A contains 2 moles and gas B contains 1 mole,
then the rate of effusion for gas A is twice as much.  
Some Application
Dinamic of Reaction ( Collisions Theory
and affecting of Temparature to Rate
of Reaction)
• Based on the Bimolecular Collision Theory,
Rate of Reaction is the result of collision
frekuensi times collision fractions that have
enough energy.
• Constan of Rate of Reaction in same product,
wit reaction:
A+A Product
Ea is activation energy, from
that equation, so only a half
from that collision that will have
enough energy to produce
product.
 Con
invo stant o
volu lve am f reacti
o
mo me, is unt m on rate
l [
can ecule o A], no ol of A (kr)
be r f t p
ealt A. So b amoun er
ed oth t
og t of
he m
• Law of reaction is
Reaction Rate =

Based on two equation, we can make new

formula which is (1) equation = (2) equation
Become,
Barometric Equation
 Question

• If equal amounts of helium and argon are placed

in a porous container and allowed to escape,
which gas will escape faster and how much
faster?
• The mean free path of a gas molecule is the
average distance that it will travel before it
collides with another gas molecule. The
molecules of a pure sample of which of the
following gases (at 25°C and 1 atm) would be
expected to have the shortest mean free path?
• The rate at which barometric pressure
decreases with altitude is proportional to the
pressure at that altitude. If the altitude in feet,
then the constant of proportionality is 3.7 x
105. The barometric pressure at sea level is
29.92 inches of mercury.
How would I calculate the barometric
pressure, in inches of mercury, at any altitude
using the information above?