Wastewater Treatment Technology

3rd Lecture
Lecture:
Wastewater Treatment Physical Unit Operations

LECTURER
Mr.Muhammad Sulaiman

Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Material Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology Lahore KSK Campus

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 Wastewater Treatment

Wastewater
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Treatment Treatment Treatment

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 Wastewater Treatment
Primary Treatment: Physical processes that removes non-homogenizable
solids and homogenizes the remaining effluents.

Secondary Treatment: Biological Process that removes most of biological

demand of oxygen.

Tertiary Treatment: Physical, biological and chemical process that removes the
nutrients like phosphors, remove inorganic pollutants, deodorize and decolorize
effluent water and carry out further oxidation.

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PRETREATMENT

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PRETREATMENT

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Equalization

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Neutralization

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Grease and Oil Removal

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Toxic Substances

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 Wastewater Treatment
Physical Unit Operations

1. Screening
2. Comminution and grinding
3. Grit removal
4. Flotation
5. Sedimentation
6. Filtration

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 Wastewater Treatment
Screening
 Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater
treatment plant
 Removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and
metals to prevent damage and clogging of downstream
equipment and piping.
Types
1. Coarse Screen
2. Fine Screen

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 Wastewater Treatment
Coarse Screen
Remove large solids, rags, and debris from wastewater, and typically
have openings of 6mm (0.25 in) or larger.

Fine Screen
Remove material that may create operation and maintenance problems
in downstream processes.
Typical opening sizes for fine screens are 1.5 to 6 mm (0.06 to 0.25 in).
Very fine screens with openings of 0.2 to 1.5 mm (0.01 to 0.06 in) placed
after coarse or fine screens can reduce suspended solids to levels near
those achieved by primary clarification.

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Coarse Screen

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Coarse Screen

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Coarse Screen

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Fine Screen

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 Wastewater Treatment

Comminution & Grinding

Comminutors consist of a rotating slotted cylinder through which
wastewater flow passes.
Solids that are too large to pass through the slots are cut by blades as the
cylinder rotates, reducing their size until they pass through the slot
openings.
Grinders consist of two sets of counter rotating, intermeshing cutters that
trap and shear wastewater solids into a consistent particle size, typically 6
mm (0.25 in).

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Comminutors

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Grinder

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 Wastewater Treatment
Grit removal
Grit includes sand, gravel, clay and other similar materials.
The purpose of grit removal is to remove the heavy inorganic solids,
which could cause excessive mechanical wear.
Grit removal processes use gravity, aeration or centrifugal force to
separate the solids from the wastewater.
Types:
1) Aerated grit chamber
2) Vortex type grit chamber
3) Detritus tank (square clarifier)
4) Hydro cyclone
5) Horizontal type grit chamber

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Aerated Grit Chamber

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Vortex type Grit Chamber

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Vortex type Grit Chamber

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Detritus Tank

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 Wastewater Treatment

Flotation:
Gas bubbles either adhere to the liquid or are trapped in the particle
structure of the suspended solids, raising the buoyant force of the
combined particle and gas bubbles.
Once the particles have been floated to the surface, they can be skimmed
out.

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Flotation

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 Wastewater Treatment
Sedimentation:
 It involves the gravitational settling of heavy particles
suspended in a mixture.
 This process is used for the removal of grit, particulate
matter in the primary settling basin.

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Sedimentation

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 Wastewater Treatment
Filtration:
Solid-Liquid separation in which the liquid passes through porous
medium or other porous material to remove as much fine suspended
solids as possible.
In wastewater treatment it is used to filter
1. Untreated secondary effluents
2. Chemically treated secondary effluents
3. Chemically treated raw wastewater.

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 Filters Classification:
 Single Medium Filters: These have one type of medium, usually
sand or crushed anthracite coal.
 Dual-Media Filters: These have two type of media, usually sand
and crushed anthracite.
 Mixed-Media Filters: These have three types of media, usually
sand, crushed anthracite and garnet.

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 Filtration

1. Rapid Gravity Filter

2. Pressure Filter
a) Horizontal Pressure Filter
b) Vertical Pressure Filter

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Rapid Gravity Filter

 Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and other granular
media to remove particles and impurities that have been
trapped in a floc through the use of flocculation chemicals-
typically salts of aluminum or iron.
 Water and flocs flows through the filter medium under gravity
and the flocculated material is trapped in the sand matrix.

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Rapid Sand Filter

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Rapid Sand Filter

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Filter Backwash
 When a rapid filter needs cleaning, this is done by
backwashing.
 The flow of water is reversed so that treated water is forced up
through the filter bed. The sand is re-suspended or "fluidized"
in the flow of water but the gravel support layers are
undisturbed and the solid matter is separated in the surface
wash water.
 The rate of flow of backwash water must be carefully
controlled to make sure that the filter medium (sand) is not
washed away.

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 Pressure Filter
Pressure filters, designed vertically or horizontally, have cylindrical
steel shells.
Water passed under pressure of 3-7kg/cm2 through pumping
Vertical pressure filters range in diameter from 1 to 10 ft with
capacities as great as 300 gpm at filtration rates of 3 gpm/ft².
Horizontal pressure filters, usually 8 ft in diameter, are 10-25 ft
long with capacities from 200 to 600 gpm.
These filters are separated into compartments to allow individual
backwashing. Backwash water may be returned to the clarifier or
softener for recovery.

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Horizontal Pressure Filter

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Vertical Pressure Filter

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Multi Media Filters

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Multi Media Filters

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