RANDOM SAMPLING

Under this every item of population has an equal

chance of being included in the sample

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 RANDOM SAMPLING DESIGN

Systematic Sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster Sampling
Area Sampling
Multi Stage Sampling
Sequential Sampling

NILESH KOLAMBE
 Systematic sampling

• Selecting every ith item in the list.

• First unit is Randomly selected and others are at equal
intervals.
• If we want 4 out of 100 as a sample then we take any
number from 1 to 25 and then every 25th item would be
selected.
• It spread more evenly over the entire population.
• Easier and less costlier method.
• It is used in case of large population and when the list of
population is available and is of considerable length.

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 Stratified sampling

It is used when the population is not homogeneous.

Population is divided into several sub- populations
that are individually more homogeneous than the
total population. The different sub populations are
called strata.
We select items from each stratum to constitute a
sample
Results are more reliable and detailed information.

NILESH KOLAMBE
Three questions are highly relevant, they are
- How to form strata.
- How should item be selected from each stratum.
- How many items be selected from each stratum or
how to allocate the sample size of each stratum.
Strata should be formed on the basis of common
characteristics of the items.
Items from strata are selected on simple random
sampling or systematic sampling can also be used

NILESH KOLAMBE
• Items are selected in the same proportion as that of the
sub population ie proportional allocation.
• Eg: 100o is divided into three sub populations say 500
300 and 200. and the sample size required is 100. then
no. of items would be 50 30 and 20.
• If in case strata differ in not only in size but also in
variability then it is required to take larger samples from
the more variable strata.
• We are taking both difference in size and difference in
variability for the strata. By using disproportionate
sampling design which is known as optimum allocation.

NILESH KOLAMBE
• The allocation in such a situation results in the following
formula for determining the sample sizes of strata.
Standard deviation is coefficient of variation. Less the
value, more the homogeneiuity.
• ni= n* Ni * σi
N1 σ1 + N2 σ2+…..+Nk σk for i= 1,2 … and k
• Eg: population is divided into 7000 , 2000, and 1000 and
standard deviations are 12 , 7 and 2 respect. How should
a sample of 100 be allocated to the three strata , if we
want optimum allocation using disproportionate
sampling design. (Ans = 84,14 and 2)

NILESH KOLAMBE
 Cluster sampling

Cluster analysis consists of methods of classifying

variables into clusters.
Cluster consists of variables that correlate highly
with one another and have comparatively low
correlations with variables in other clusters.
There should be high internal homogeneity and high
external heterogeneity.
This is used increasingly in classifying consumers
and products

NILESH KOLAMBE
Example: company producing ornaments or
decorative items.
Purchasing capacity and expenditure on ornaments

Purchasing
capacity

Expenditure on
ornaments
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 Area sampling

It is a type of cluster sampling in which sample items

are clustered on a geographical area basis. Say a state
, town , district, village , locality
It saves time since the sample elements are from
geographical area.

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 Multi stage sampling

• This method is applied in case of large geographical

area.
• This involves selection of units in more than one
stage.
• In this the population consists of no. of first stage
units ie primary sampling units(PSU) . Each of this
PSU consists of a no. of second stage units. First a
sample is taken from PSU and then the sample is
taken from Second stage units.
• The process continues until the selection of the final
sampling units.

NILESH KOLAMBE
Number of stages varies and depends upon
convenience and the availability of suitable sampling
frames.
Cost factor is also considered.

NILESH KOLAMBE
For example suppose 10,000 households are to be
selected from all over India.
First stage- states – consider 10 states
Second stage- districts- 200 (total)- consider 25 only
Third stage- cities- 4 from each district- 100 cities
Fourth stage- localities 10 from each city then
1000.localities total.
Then finally 10 households from each locality. ie a
sample of 10,000 households from country.

NILESH KOLAMBE
 Sampling with probability proportional to size

• In case cluster sampling units do not have the same

number or approximately the same number of
elements, It is considered appropriate to use a
random selection .
• In this we have to list no. of elements in each cluster
and then we must sample systematically the
appropriate number of elements from the cumulative
total.
• For example there are 10 cities having different no.
of shops ( 100) and I have to select a sample of 6
shops.

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City No of Cumulativ Sample
Number shops e total (5)
1 20 20
2 15 35 40
3 25 60
4 30 90 80
5 35 125 120
6 10 135
7 10 145
8 20 165 160
9 15 180
10 20 200 200

NILESH KOLAMBE
 Sequential sampling

• In this, size of sample is not fixed in advance, but is

determined on the basis of information yielded as survey
progresses.
• In this no. of samples n1,n2,n3 are randomly drawn from
the population. It is not necessary that each sample
should be of equal size.
• Samples are selected after getting some additional
information from the original sample.
• Generally first sample is largest , second is smaller than
the first, third is smaller than the second and so on.
• Sequential sampling is to bring down the cost and hence
smallest possible sample is used.

NILESH KOLAMBE
For example, effect of internet on pune city is to be
found out. Then I collect the sample and found out
the some kind of exposure to the internet.
High frequency user are then selected.
Sites for which they are surfing are referred then.
Again sample reduces.

NILESH KOLAMBE