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from M1 to M2 and
then to M3, shift the
aggregate demand
curve to the right,
from Yd(M1) to
Yd(M2) to Yd(M3).
The price level rises from P1 to P2 to P3.
Output, which is supply-determined, is unchanged (Y1 = Y2 =
Y3).
Intermediate Macroeconomics
The Classical Theory of the Interest Rate
In the classical system, the equilibrium interest rate
was the rate which the amount of funds individuals &
firms desired to hold was just equal to the amount of
funds others desired to borrow.
The market is the Loanable funds or the bonds market
which has to two sides: the demand and supply sides
Household, firms and government constitute the
demand side of the loanable funds market
Household, firms and government also constitute the
supply side of the loanable funds market
Intermediate Macroeconomics
The Classical Theory of the
Interest Rate Cont’d
The SSLF may also be called the saving function or
the demand for bonds
Similarly, the DDLF may also be called the
Investment function or the supply of bonds
Classical economists assume that the LF market is
always in equilibrium, i.e. SSLF=DDLF and that the
interest rate is perfectly flexible. With excess demand
for funds, the interest rate increases and with excess
supply the interest rate decreases. This flexibility in
the interest rate guarantees that exogenous changes in
the particular components of AD do not affect the
level of AD
Intermediate Macroeconomics
The SSLF and DDLF Schedules
At higher interest rate, people are enticed to save
more so this gives an upward sloping SSLF schedule.
For the demand for Loanable funds curve, at higher
interest rate, the cost of borrowing increases so
demand for loanable funds will reduce so we
postulate a downward sloping DDLF curve.
At a given interest rate, an increase in the budget
deficit which is bond-financed will increase the total
demand for loanable funds and will thus shift the
DDLF curve to the right.
Intermediate Macroeconomics
The Loanable Funds Theory of
Interest Rates
The equilibrium interest
rate (ro) is the rate that
equates:
The supply of loanable
funds, which consists of
new saving (S),
With the demand for
loanable funds, which
consists of investment (I)
plus the bond-financed
government deficit (G -T). Figure 4-3 Interest Rate Determination in the Classical System
M1 to M2 and then to
M3, shift the
aggregate demand
curve to the right,
from Yd(M1) to
Yd(M2) to Yd(M3).
The price level rises from P1 to P2 to P3.
Output, which is supply-determined, is unchanged (Y1 = Y2 =
Y3).
Intermediate Macroeconomics
Fiscal Policy in the classical system
Assume G goes up. We have to know how it is
financed. There are 3 ways of raising the money:
1. Borrowing (increase in demand for loanable funds)
– a bond-financed increase in G
2. Increase in Taxes (A Tax-financed increase in G)
3. Increase in money supply (Money-financed
increase in G)
For option 3, we already know the effect. Only
prices will change but N, Y, Real wage, Interest rate
will all not change. The AD curve will shift to the
right on the vertical AS curve.
Intermediate Macroeconomics
A bond-financed increase in G
For a bond-financed increase in G, DDLF curve will
shift to the right and at initial interest rate, there will
be excess demand for funds so the interest rate
increases.
The increase in the interest rate has two effects on AD.
1. There is an interest rate induced fall in investment
2. With the interest rate increasing, saving will
increase which is mirrored by an equal reduction in
consumption (a component of AD)
AIntermediate
bond-financed increase in G
Macroeconomics
Cont’dbelieved that the
Because classical economists
loanable funds market is always in equilibrium, the
rise in the interest rate will cause reductions in
consumption and investment whose magnitude will
be equal to the initial increase in G. So on net there
will be no change in AD; only that its components
will change, consumption and Investment have
reduced but G has increased.
A bond-financed increase in
G as no real effect!
Intermediate Macroeconomics
A bond-financed Increase in
Government Spending in the
Classical Model
The increase in the
interest rate causes a
decline in the quantity
of investment from I0
to I1, a distance B, and
an increase in saving,
which is an equal
decline in
consumption, from S0
to Sl, a distance A. Figure 4.5 Effect of Increase in Government Spending in Classical Model