Where ground anchors are needed

Anchorage work conditions

Installation of anchors is often done in

adverse conditions :
• remote, out-of-the-way (difficult-to-access)
and confined places, e.g., vertical walls or
high steep slopes;
• at low air temperature etc.
 Requirements to ground anchors:

• low number per area unit, high bearing capacity;

• simple design and high reliability;
• low cost;
• high installation productivity;
• no use of wet processes or self-consolidating
compounds in installation operations;
• possibility of use of low-weight, maneuverable,
mobile devices, e.g., hand-held tools or portable
machines.
Dilatancy anchors
 Stressed-strained state of anchor lock

2 δd
d+
d
F
δd
Schematic diagram and installation sequence of turning anchor

1 – anchor plate; 2 – wire rope; 3 – mounting pipe; 4 – pneumatic impact machine;

5 – hole fill.
Installation operations: a) anchor driving; b) anchor at designed depth h; c) removal
of mounting pipe with parallel filling of hole; d) initial phase of anchor tension;
e) intermediate phase of anchor tension; f) anchor installed in designed position.
Design versions of turning anchor
with flexible pull element
 аa Laboratory tests

а) test bench;
3
б) initial position of anchor plate;
2
в) final position of anchor plate .

1 – anchor plate,
1
2 – pull rope,
3 – load gauge,
F F 4 – cavity
c
бb в 2
1
2

u*
4

1
F
F
F
F
F
F
 Anchor plate kinematics
with central fixation of pull rope
(s = 0)
u

Δx
F

A
x
0

Trajectory of point A

Hole axis
 Anchor plate kinematics with eccentric fixation of pull rope
(s > scr )

Hole axis

Δx2

F
Δx1

A x
s 0
B

F – pull out force; α – plate turn angle; Δx1 , Δx2 – lateral drift of plate;
Hole
A – anchor plate center; B – rope fixation point;
axis
s – rope fixation point eccentricity. Trajectory of point A
Turn anchor load and kinematic diagrams
obtained in laboratory tests
Increase in anchor bearing capacity at the expense of Euler forces
F

F = f∙ekβ , where k – friction factor

 Automated anchor test equipment
General view

Schematic diagram

1 – hydraulic jack with hollow push rod;

2 – anchor pull rope; 3 – rope grip;
4 – auxiliary rope grip; 5 – hydraulic pump
 Field tests of anchors

Driving of anchor with

hydraulic impact tool
Loading of anchor and registration
of its load diagram
 Load diagrams of various types of anchors

Plate type anchor Final position of anchor

T-shape anchor

200х150х10
s=0
Cylindrical anchor

200х150х10
s=0

27
∅ 130, l=260, s=0
 Conclusion

• Requirements to anchors formulated.

• Dilatancy anchors with flexible pull rod and increasing
pull resistance found to comply with the requirements.
• Such anchors design and installation procedures
developed.
• The anchors tested in laboratory and field conditions.
• Operability and efficiency of the anchors confirmed by
the tests.