The rationale of prohibition of interest has already
been discussed. Many people, however, argue that even if interest is prohibited in Islam. Interest-free banking is not practicable in the modern world as an economic system minus interest cannot be visualized. It is now proposed to discuss and analyze these objections and reservations. Interest-Free Banking System
The interest-free banking system will not be able to bring
an optimum allocation of resources. It is argued that since funds will be available at zero rate of interest, the demand for money will tremendously increase’ and in the absence of interest rates mechanism, there will he no tool for equating demand and supply of money. Interest-Free Banking System
This argument is based on a gross misconception. It is
important to perceive clearly that interest-free banking does not mean that funds will be available free of cost to the entrepreneur for their business requirements. Islamic system of interest-free banking, among other things, means that finances will he available on profit and loss sharing basis as against predetermined rates of interest. The rates of profit depending upon the operational results, will, therefore, replace interest rates in allocation of resources and will also provide a mechanism for equating the demand and supply of money. Interest-Free Banking System The diversion of funds towards a project, will largely depend, within the Islamic framework, on the projected rate of profit i.e. greater the projected rate of profit, the greater may be the supply of funds to that project. If the actual profit is constantly lower than the projected profit, the entrepreneur is likely to face difficulty in securing funds for his project in future. The mechanism of profit sharing is, therefore, likely to be more instrumental in creating financial discipline, higher efficiency and would lead to a more careful and realistic feasibility and evaluation of projects as also of post-finance monitoring. This would result in not only higher rates of profit but would also provide a better and more efficient mechanism for allocation of resources as compared to interest-based system. In any case, there is not much evidence to support that rate of interest is an efficient mechanism for allocation of resources. Interest-Free Banking System Islam discourages keeping funds idle. The Islamic system of Zakat (Poors’ due) @ 2.5% per annum, on specified assets, discourages the Muslims to keep the money in bank lockers or at home, as the savings are automatically consumed each year through the payment of Zakat. Further, an Islamic state can also impose tax or duty on idle assets. This will be a fiscal devise in lieu of interest. It will, therefore, be observed that while interest may he seen as a compensation for parting with money in the interest-based system, the expected profit sharing, duty if imposed, and Zakat in the Islamic system will discourage keeping the funds idle? This, coupled with the instinct of human beings to save for uncertain future, will ensure equilibrium in both, the commodity market and the money market. Islamic Banking Philosophy, Development
Islamic banking, an alternate to interest-based
banking is not banking in the traditional sense of the word. It derives its inspirations and guidance from the religious edicts of Islam and has to conduct its operations strictly in accordance with the directives of Shariah. Islamic Banking It is, therefore. not merely refraining from interest—based transactions (Ahmed, 1985:18) but the objective is to make a positive contribution to the fulfillment of socio-economic objectives of the society in all spheres, including trade, industry, agriculture, science, technology, employment, benevolent sector and the environment, with special focus on the ‘human factor’. Islamic Banking An Islamic bank is a Financial and social institution which identifies itself with the principles of Shariah, as laid down by the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah, as regards its objectives, principles, practices and operations. An Islamic bank does not normally lend money except the interest-free loan which is termed as Qard Hasan. Islamic bank is a partner in trade, industry and agriculture for production and development financing. This, therefore, implies that an Islamic bank should also share in the risk with the entrepreneur which is in sharp contrast with interest-based bank. Islamic banking implies zero rate of interest but not zero rate of return as Islamic banks do not deal in money but deal with money. Areas of Operations The areas of operations of Islamic banks can be broadly classified as:
a) Non-fund based transactions
For all practical purposes, the Islamic banks transact all
non-fund based business and provide almost the entire range of services like conventional banks. It is, however, obvious that these services are provided against appropriate fee and charges and that Islamic banks do not involve themselves in activities like gambling, trading of prohibited items like wine and hoarding, etc. Areas of Operations b) Investment activities
The Islamic banks mobilize savings, investments and
other financial resources and also participate in providing equity to entities like joint stock companies working under the Islamic system and also provide finance for trade, industry and agriculture. The modes of financing being presently used broadly include: Areas of Operations I) Murabaha - Financing on cost plus basis. 2) Bai-Salam - Deterred payment sales. 3) Musharikah - A partnership. 4) Leasing. 5) Mudaraba - Venture Capital or Project finance. Areas of Operations c) Social Activities
1) Providing Qard Hasan basically to deserving persons
for non-commercial activities like marriage, education, etc. or for small business requirements. In such cases only the principal amount is payable, provided the borrower is in a position to repay.
2) Collection and deduction of Zakat from shareholders,
investors and depositors as also the administration of Zakat fund and distribution from this fund to the poor and needy as per the guidelines provided by the Holy Qur’an. Areas of Operations It is important to appreciate that most of the modes of financing being practiced as a replacement of interest do not contribute fully in achieving the socio- economic objectives as envisaged by Islam. Further, these modes of financing, in some cases, seem to guarantee a fixed predetermined return and no risk is practically shared by the financier with the entrepreneur. It is, therefore, obvious that these types of financing modes are not in conformity with the requirements of Shariah.
To replace interest, there are essentially only two
modes of financing under the Islamic banking system, namely, Qard Hasan and financing on Profit and loss sharing basis. Qard-Hasan The Holy Qur’an says:
“If you loan to Allah, a beautiful loan, He will double it to
your (Credit)” (64:17).
“And give regular charity: And loan to Allah, a beautiful
loan” (73:20). Qard-Hasan Qard Hasanat is for the benefit of the individual and the society at large. Islamic banks give loans to deserving persons for their genuine consumption requirements such as marriage, education, health care etc. Loans are also given for setting up small business enterprises. In these cases, only the principal amount is payable to the bank by the end of the agreed period, provided the borrower is in a position to repay the loan. Islam encourages Muslims to give Qard Hasan and has termed these loans as ‘loan to Allah’, which will be rewarded by Him.
These types of loans, however, as a matter of policy, do
not constitute a significant source of financing by Islamic banks. However, ii in any country, an Islamic System of Zakat is established and the Islamic State treasury starts functioning, the requirements of Qard Hasan would primarily he met by the treasury. Financing under Profit and Loss Sharing System The bulk of financing under the Islamic System is equity oriented. In this mode of financing, the risks and losses are shared by the financer along with the entrepreneur in the ratio of their respective capitals. The profits are, however, shared in an agreed ratio.
Equity financing may he carried out in various forms
including participation in equity of joint stock companies or share in partnership or in the form of temporary equity on profit and loss sharing basis for the working capital requirements for a specified period. As the financing under this mode is based on profit and loss sharing. Financing under Profit and Loss Sharing System Islamic banks pay more attention to the profitability of the project and not merely on collaterals. As is obvious, this mode of financing has some inherent risks and can successfully operate in an honest and just society. If unethical practices are followed, duplicate hooks of accounts are maintained, and true profits are not declared, this mode of financing is likely to suffer serious setbacks. It is for this reason that Islamic banks have been shy in adopting this mode of financing on a large scale. Potential of Islamic Banks
Islamic world has tremendous potentials. It has about
20% of the world population and as much of its land mass. It produces half of the world’s oil and accounts for 40% of world’s export of raw material. Muslims are now rediscovering their identity and the process of establishment of Islamization of banking is gaining momentum. The establishment of Islamic banks is a recent phenomenon and in a short span of time, over 200 Islamic banks and financial institutions have been established in Asia, Africa and Europe. Potential of Islamic Banks
According to projections, the Muslim population of the
world by the middle of next century will be over 2600 million. Many Muslim countries are presently involved in interest-free banking and it is visualized that by the year 2050, a significant number of Islamic countries would switch over or would be in the process of switching over to interest-free banking.