Differential

Equations
A differential equation is an equation which contains
one or more terms and the derivatives of one
variable (i.e., dependent variable) with respect to the
other variable (i.e., independent variable)
  𝑑𝑦
=𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
 Order and Degree
The order of a differential
equation is the order of its
highest derivative

Order Degree

  2 3
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( 2
𝑑 𝑥 ) +
𝑑𝑥
5
+ 𝑦 = 4 𝑥The degree is the exponent
of the highest derivative
 First Order Differential Equation

To solve this differential equation, we integrate both sides of the

equation.
If the solution contains the constant of integration, it is called a
general solution.
When a particular curve can be identified from given information,
the solution is a particular solution
 First Order Differential Equation

A differential equation can be solved by:

a. Direct Integration

b. Separation of Variables
Direct Integration

 
Solve

𝑑𝑥= 9𝑡 2 − 8 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 

 
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥=∫ 9𝑡 −8𝑡 𝑑𝑡  
 
𝑥=3 𝑡 3 − 4 𝑡 2+ 𝐴
Direct Integration

 
Solve

 
𝑑𝑦= 2 𝑥 +3 𝑑𝑥
 

∫ 𝑑𝑦=∫ 2 𝑥+3𝑑𝑥  
 
𝑦= 𝑥 2+ 3 𝑥 + 𝐴
 Direct Integration  
Find the particular solution of the
differential equation when

 
𝑑𝑦 4 𝑥4
= 2− 2 𝑊h𝑒𝑛 𝑥=1 , 𝑦=2
 
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥   1
2= − 4 − +𝑐
  𝑑𝑦 4 2 3
= 2 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥   1
2 +4 + =𝑐
3
 
−2 2
 
∫ 𝑑𝑦=∫ 4 𝑥𝑥 3
−𝑥 𝑑𝑥  
𝑐=
19
3
3
+ 𝑐 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 : 𝑦=− − + 19
4 𝑥
−1  
𝑦=− 4 𝑥 −
3 𝑥 3 3
 Separation of Variables

 If separation of variables can be used where:

 Separation of Variables
 
Solve

2
 
𝑑𝑦= 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
  1
2
𝑑𝑦 = 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
 
1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑦=∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
 
1
− =4 𝑥 + 𝐴
𝑦
 Separation of Variables
 
Solve

( 𝑦+ 2) 𝑑𝑦=(4 𝑥 +1)𝑑𝑥
 

∫ 𝑦+2𝑑𝑦=∫ 4 𝑥+1𝑑𝑥
 
𝑦2 2
+ 2 𝑦 =2 𝑥 + 𝑥+ 𝑐
2
 Separation of Variables
 
Find a curve on the plane whose tangent at a point has gradient that passes
through the point

  𝑑𝑦 2 𝑤h𝑒𝑛 𝑥=2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦=3

 

=4 𝑥 / 𝑦
𝑑𝑥  
33 2
=2 (2 ) + 𝐴
 
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 =4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 3
 
2
 
9 =8 + 𝐴
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦=∫ 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 
𝑦3 2  
 
𝐴 =1
𝑦 2
=2 𝑥 + 𝐴 ∴ 𝑡h𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 =2 𝑥 +1
3 3
 
∴𝑡h𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 =6 𝑥 2+3