GOOD MORNING

DR MEHNAZ
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

 The most important concept

of antimicrobial therapy is
relative toxicity selective
inhibition of growth of the
microorganism with out
damage to the host .
 Broad – spectrum
antibiotics are active
against several types of
microorganism .it can acts
on two major bacterial
groups gm +ve and gm –ve.
 e.g.
Amino glycosides,
Ampicillin,
Amoxicillin,
Amoxicillin +clavulanic acid,
Carbapenums,
Piperacillins,
Quinolines,
Tetracycline,
Chloramphenicol .
 Narrow-spectrum antibiotic
are active against one or very
few types of organism. e.g. –
vencomycin used against gm
– ve cocci ,rarely
staphylococci and
enterococci .it used specific
bacteria where causative
organism known.
BACTERICIDAL
– kills the bacteria bactericidal
drugs are particularly useful in
certain infection those are
immediately life threatening,
e.g. those patient where
polymorphonuclear leukocyte
count below 500/ml and
endocardities
in which phagocytosis is
limited by the fibrinous
net work of the
vegetations and
bacterostatic drug do not
effect .
BACTERIOSTATIC
 inhibitionof growth
of bacteria but not
kill them.
FEATURE OF THE BEHAVIOURS OF
BACTERIOSTATIC DRUGS –

1.The bacteria can grow again

when the drugs is withdrawn
2.Host defence mechanism
such phagocytosis are
required to kill the bacteria.
Example of bacteriostatic drugs-
(chloramphenicol, lincosamides,macrolides,
sulfonamides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim)
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI
MICROBIAL DRUG
1.INHIBITION OF THE CELL WALL
SYNTHESIS –

a.Penicillins
b.Cephalosporin
c.Imipenum
d.Aztronam
e.Vancomycin
2.INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS-

 Several days inhibit protein

synthesis in the bacteria with out
significantly interfering with protein
synthesis in human cells this
selectively is due to the difference
between bacterial and human
ribosomal protein .bacteria have 70s
= 50s+30 s subunit. Human ribosome
80s=60s +40 s .
Drugs acts on 30s subunit –

a.Aminoglycosides
b.Tetracyclines
Drugs that act on the50 s subunit-

a.Chroramphenicol
b.Erythromycin
c.Clindamycin
d.Linezoid
e.Telithomycin
f.Streptogramins
3. INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS

 Sulphonamides
 Trimethoprim
INHIBITION OF DNA SYNTHESIS

 Quinolone

 Flucytosine
INHIBITION OF MEMBRANE
SYNTHESIS-

 Rifampicin
ALTERATION OF BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRAIN

 Polymyxins, example
Colistin.
 Daptomycin
ALTERATION OF FUNGAL CELL MEMBRANES

a. Amphotericin B 
b. Nystatin
c. Azoles
ADDITIONAL DRUG MECHANISMS

 Isoniazid
 Metronidazol
 Ethambutol
 Pyrazinamide
 Antifungal activity
 Grineofulvin
 Pentamidine