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3
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ESSENTIALS

(IT8201)

DEPARTMENT IT

BATCH/YEAR 2020-2021/I

CREATED BY G NIRMALA

DATE 17.03.2021

4
 Table of Contents
Topics Page
S.No. No.
1 Course Objectives 7
2 Syllabus 8
3 Course outcomes 9
4 CO-PO mapping 10
5 Lecture Plan 11
6 Activity Based Learning 12
7 Unit -I – Web Essentials 13
1.1. Creating website 13
1.2. Working principle of a Website 23
1.3. Browser fundamentals 25
1.4. Authoring tools 32
1.5. Types of servers: 34

1.6. Application Server 35

1.7. Web Server 36

1.8. Database Server 38

5
 Table of Contents

S.No. Topics Page

No.
8 Practice Quiz 43
9 Assignments 48
10 Part A Questions and Answers 49
11 Part B Questions 53
12 Supportive Online Certification Courses 54

13 Real Time Applications in day to day life 55

and in industry
14 Content Beyond the Syllabus 56
15 Prescribed Textbooks and Reference Books 57

16 Mini project suggestions 58

6
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

Objectives:

To introduce the concept of Internet, Networks and its

working principles.

To know scripting languages.

To understand various applications related to Information

Technology.

7
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ESSENTIALS LTPC 3 0 0 3
(IT8201)

UNIT I

WEB ESSENTIALS

Creating a Website – Working principle of a Website –

Browser fundamentals – Authoring tools – Types of servers:
Application Server – Web Server – Database Server

8
 COURSE OUTCOMES

COs Outcomes

CO 1 Explain the working principle of website, web

browser, tools, web server and database server

CO 2 Summarize the need and types of scripting languages,

working principle and basic syntactical notions of
PHP
CO 3
Implement simple PHP scripts using arrays, strings,
functions, file handling, My SQl and HTML

CO 4
Explain various fundamental concepts involved in
networking

CO 5 Summarize various fundamental concepts involved in

mobile communication system
CO 6 Carry out simple interactive, database, multimedia
applications and development of information systems

9
 Course Outcome mapping with POs / PSOs

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Os

CO 2 1 1  -  - - -  - - - - 3
1

CO 1 2  -  -  - - - - - - - -
2

CO 1 1  -  -  - - - - - - - -
3

CO 2 2 1  -  - - - - - - - -
4

CO 1 1 1  -  - -  - - - - - -
5

CO 1 1 1  -  - -  - - - - - 3

10
 LECTURE PLAN
S.No. Topics to be covered No. Prop Actual CO Taxono Mode of
of osed lecture my level delivery
peri date date
ods

1 Creating website 2 1 K1, PPT/

k3 Online
Editors
2 Working 1 1 k2 PPT
principle of a
Website
3 Browser 1 1 K1 PPT
fundamentals

4 Authoring tools 1 1 k1 PPT

5 Types of Servers 1 1 k1 PPT

6 Application 1 1 K1 PPT
Server
7 Web Server 1 1 k2 PPT

8 Data base server 1 1 k2 PPT

11
 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING
Activity based learning helps students express and embrace their curiosity.

Once the students become curious, they tend to explore and learn by themselves.

To evoke curiosity in students the following activities are given

S.No. Topic Activity Remarks

1 COMPONENTS Ted talk Talks online –video

OF A WEB PAGE presentation

2 DESIGN A WEB Poster Online contest

presentation
PAGE

3 TYPES OF Pictionary game Group activity

SERVERS

12
 UNIT – I
WEB ESSENTIALS

13
 UNIT I WEB ESSENTIALS

The WWW today is a distributed client/server service, in which a client

using a browser can access a service using a server. However, the service
provided is distributed over many locations called sites.

CREATING A WEBSITE

To create a website, you need to follow 4 basic steps.

 Register your domain name

 Find a web hosting company

 Prepare your content

 Build your website

 REGISTER YOUR DOMAIN NAME

A domain name is

 Your website name

 Address where Internet users can access your website.

 Used for finding and identifying computers on the Internet.

Computers use IP addresses, which are a series of number.

However, it is difficult for humans to remember strings of
numbers.

Because of this, domain names were developed and used to identify

entities on the Internet rather than using IP addresses.

A domain name can be any combination of letters and numbers, and it

can be used in combination of the various domain name
extensions, such as .com, .net and more.

The domain name must be registered before you can use it. Every
domain name is unique. No two websites can have the same
domain name. If someone types
in www.yourdomain.com, it will go to your website and no one else's.
 FIND A WEB HOSTING COMPANY

 Web hosting is a service that allows organizations and individuals to

post a website or web page onto the Internet.

 A web host, or web hosting service provider, is a business that provides

the technologies and services needed for the website or webpage to
be viewed in the Internet.

 Websites are hosted, or stored, on special computers called servers.

When Internet users want to view your website, all they need to do is
type your website address or domain into their browser.

 Their computer will then connect to your server and your webpages
will be delivered to them through the browser.

Email With a domain name (e.g. www.yourwebsite.com)

Accounts and email account
features provided by your hosting company, you can
create domain email accounts (e.g.
yourname@yourwebsite.com).

FTP The use of FTP lets you upload files from your local
Access
computer to your web server. If you build your
website using your own HTML files, you can transfer
the files from your computer to the web server
through FTP, allowing your website to be accessed
through the internet.

WordPres Word Press is an online website creation tool. It is a

s Support powerful blogging and website content management
system, which is a
convenient way to create and manage website. Word
Press powers over 25% of websites on the internet.
Most hosting providers will tell you right away if
their plans are Word Press-compatible or not. The
simple requirements for hosting your Word Press
websites include: PHP version 7 or greater; MySQL
version 5.6 or greater.
Web hosting companies
GoDaddy
Bluehost
iPage
HostFav
DreamHost
Interserver

PREPARE YOUR CONTENT

Evaluating Web Site Content
We need to consider how Web pages need to be collected and organized to
create a Web site. The first step is to determine the goals for your Web site
and to plan the content for the Web pages you want to include in the site.
A storyboard can help identify the general content for each page, the
number of pages in the site, and the relationship between the site’s pages.

Using a Web Site Management Tool

You could use a text editor to create all of the pages in a Web site. In this
case, you would need to have a thorough understanding of how to write all
of the tags and attributes that are required to complete your site. Although
it is possible to create an entire Web site, regardless of its complexity,
using just Notepad and HTML, Web developers rely on other options for
creating Web sites.
Figure shows a sample storyboard for a product website Notice that the
home page appears at the top of the storyboard with two levels of pages
below it. The pages in the second row include hyperlinks to the home
page and to each other, with each page including additional hyperlinks to
the pages below it in the storyboard. When a Web site is presented in this
way, it is also called the site’s navigation structure because it shows the
path of navigation through the site.

Microsoft Expression Web and Adobe Dreamweaver are two Web site
creation and management tools. These stand-alone programs use a
graphical user interface (GUI) to generate the HTML documents
necessary to produce Web pages.
Choosing Other Development Tools
Programming with JavaScript
JavaScript is a scripting language that was originally developed as
“LiveScript” by Brendan Eich while he was working as a programmer at
Netscape Communications Corporation. A scripting language is a
programming language that is executed by a Web browser. To process
the script, the browser must have a feature called a scripting engine. The
browser’s scripting engine translates the code in the script into a format
that the browser can execute. JavaScript was originally available as part
of the Netscape Navigator browser. At the same time, Microsoft created a
compatible language called JScript, and subsequently, the language
VBScript, both of which are processed by Internet Explorer. Because
JavaScript is interpreted by most browsers, and because only the
Internet Explorer browser can process scripts written in VBScript, most
developers choose JavaScript to extend the functionality of a Web page.
The most common use of JavaScript is to perform tasks that are not
possible in the static world of HTML documents.
For example, a Web page might use a very simple JavaScript program to
greet visitors depending on the time of day they view the page.

The script itself is embedded in the body section of the HTML

document. When you view the HTML document in a Web browser, the
browser executes the script and displays the result of the script in the Web
page. Most scripts are embedded in an HTML document in this way. When a
browser cannot execute the script (because it does not have a scripting
engine to process the script), it simply displays the contents of the script as
text. To avoid this situation, most scripts are enclosed in HTML comment
tags so browsers that cannot execute the script will ignore the script as if it
were really a comment. If the browser has a compatible scripting engine, the
scripting engine ignores the HTML comment tags and processes the script.

<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<body>
<p>Before the script...</p>
<script>
alert( 'Hello, world!' );
</script>
<p>...After the script.</p>
</body>
</html>

 Creating Animated Content

The early versions of Web browsers displayed only text and simple
images.

As commercial use of the Internet flourished, Web site developers

needed a way to include more features, such as sound and animation, in
their Web pages. Because of HTML limitations, companies developed
their own software to enhance the capabilities of Web browsers. These
enhancements, generally called browser extensions, allow a Web browser
to perform tasks it was not originally designed to perform. There are
three types of browser extension.

One type is called a plug-in; in this category, you will find

integrated browser software that the browser uses to display or play a
specific file that you request. Other browser extensions are called helper
applications, or programs installed on the user’s computer that the
browser starts and uses to “help” display or play a file. The third category,
add-ons, includes tools that enhance your browsing experience, such as
toolbars that let you access a search engine without opening its Web site, or
programs that block pop-up ads and other windows from opening when you
view a Web site.
Plug-ins differ slightly from helper applications in the way they run. Helper
applications are independent programs that are stored on your computer and
are useful on their own.
They are activated automatically by a browser when needed. For example, when
a browser starts a spreadsheet program to display a spreadsheet, the
spreadsheet program is functioning as a helper application; when a browser
encounters a sound file, the browser might start a media player that acts as a
helper application to play the file. Your computer probably has many helper
applications already installed on it that your browser uses to display a variety
of file formats that you encounter as you browse the Web. Plug-ins, on the
other hand, do their work inside the browser and do not activate a stand-alone
program that is stored on your computer. Unlike helper applications, plugins
are not independent programs; they can start only from within a browser. As
Web developers started including different multimedia files in their Web sites,
Microsoft and Mozilla began integrating plug-ins with their browsers so users
could access and display files without needing a separate program.
 Two widely used plug-ins for viewing animated content are Flash
Player and Shockwave Player. Both players are free from the Adobe Web
site, and they work seamlessly with most browsers. Flash Player lets your
Web browser display simple animations, user interfaces, images, movies,
sound, and text that was created using Adobe Flash software. Flash
content usually appears in the same browser window as the page you are
viewing. According to Adobe, more than 98% of all Internet-enabled
desktop computers in the United States have Flash Player installed and
can use Flash Player to view enhanced content on the Web. Because
Flash Player is the world’s most widely installed plug-in for playing
enhanced, interactive content on the largest number of computer and
mobile devices, many Web developers regularly use Flash to develop
content that is more visually interesting and appealing to their site
visitors. Shockwave Player is a more fully featured browser plug-in.
Shockwave Player lets you view animated, three-dimensional interfaces,
interactive advertisements and product demonstrations, multiuser games,
streaming CD-quality audio, and video that was created using Adobe
Director software.

Choosing Image Editing and Illustration Programs

An image can be any picture, including one you take with a digital camera
or create using a drawing or illustration program. Computer-generated
graphics come in two basic varieties: raster (also called bitmap) and
vector. The main difference between the two graphics types is that raster
graphics are composed of pixels, and vector graphics are composed of
paths. Figure shows the letter “S” that was created using Paint, a program
that is installed with the Windows operating system. Paint is an example
of a program that creates raster graphics, also called bitmap images.
 Raster graphics use the filename extensions .bmp, .gif, .jpg, .png,
and .tif. Graphics with these filename extensions are created using a
variety of programs, including Paint, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe
Fireworks, and Corel PaintShop Photo Pro. In addition, any image that
you take using a digital camera or make using a scanner is a raster
graphic.
 Vector graphics use the filename extensions .ai, .wmf, .cdr, and .dxf.
Graphics with these filename extensions are created using programs
such as Illustrator, CorelDRAW, and AutoCAD. Vector graphics are
scalable, which means that their edges are smooth at any resolution.
In addition, you can layer content in a vector graphic. In the same
example using a circle with text on top of it, the text is a layer on top
of the circle. In other words, the circle exists separately from the text,
and vice versa. Because of this difference, vector graphics are best
suited for drawing objects. Each object on a canvas has a certain
dimension and color, and the program makes the distinction between
the different objects on a canvas for you.
 Understanding Types of Web Servers

The type of Web server the Web hosting company uses can be
important. Some types of pages that you might want to include in a Web
site require a certain kind of server to process them. For example, if your
site uses Active Server Pages (ASP), which are dynamic Web pages based
on the content stored in a database, you’ll need to store the site on a
Windows- based Web server because the UNIX and Linux Web servers do
not support ASP. It isimportant to identify the technologies that you’ll
use in your site to make sure that the company’sWeb server supports
them. You don’t want to create a Web site and later find out, for example,
that your Web hosting company’s Web server doesn’t support the types
of pages you created.

A secure server encrypts data, which changes it into a format that

prevents unauthorized parties from being able to read or use it. Some
common situations that require a secure server are credit card
transactions and forms that require a user to enter a Social Security
number or other private data. When you need a secure server, the Web
hosting service will require you to purchase and use a dedicated server. A
dedicated server is a Web server that hosts only one site, compared to a
shared server, which hosts several sites. A dedicated server is more
expensive to operate. You will also need to install a server certificate as a
method of proving your site’s security features to its users.
 Understanding the Site’s File Size and Transfer Requirements Because they
are text files, most Web pages are small in terms of file size. However, a Web site
can be very large if it contains many digital pictures, images, and supporting files
such as a database or Shockwave or Flash files. For example, if you are a real
estate agent, your site might include hundreds of digital photographs and virtual
video tours of the homes that you have listed for sale. These files will require a
lot of storage space. In addition, you need to consider the amount of traffic your
site will receive and the sizes of the files that users will download from the Web
server. The HTML document for a property listing might be 1,000 bytes (which is
very small).

But the pictures of the house and the video files of the main living areas
might be several megabytes each. When a user downloads the Web page, the
user’s browser must also download the image and video files, resulting in the
transfer of several megabytes of data. The amount of

data that is transferred from the Web server is known as the site’s
bandwidth or data transfer. Most companies sell server space based on a file size
limit and a daily or monthly data transfer

limit. When you exceed either of these limits, you might incur extra fees
from the Web hosting service. In addition, your Web hosting service might not be
able to increase your Web site’s server space or bandwidth, which means that
you would need to transfer your Web site to another company that can handle
your site’s file size and bandwidth requirements.

Evaluating Other Services Offered by a Web Hosting Service

Finally, you should evaluate other useful services offered by the Web
hosting service, such as site statistics, email accounts, Web site templates, Web
site construction tools, database software, domain name management services,
and technical support.
You might need to pay an extra fe to obtain detailed site traffic reports, but this
information is helpful when analyzing who is visiting your site and which pages
they are viewing. You can use a traffic report to get detailed information, such
as how many visitors used the site each day, how many pages the visitors
viewed, which pages visitors used to enter and exit the Web site, what search
strings were entered into the Web site’s search feature, and so on. Analyzing a
site’s traffic is an important way of understanding who is using the site and
what information they are seeking. If you use this information correctly, you’ll
be able to understand the site’s visitors, and organize and design the site to
better serve them.
1.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A WEBSITE

(i) HTTP and HTML:

HTTP is a communication standard governing the requests and responses that
take place between the browser running on the end user’s computer and the
web server.
 The server’s job is to accept a request from the client and attempt to reply to it in
a meaningful way, usually by serving up a requested web page—that’s why the term
server is used.
Between the client and the server there can be several other devices, such as
routers, proxies, gateways, and so on. They serve different roles in ensuring that the
requests and
responses are correctly transferred between the client and server. Typically, they
use the Internet
to send this information.
Each step in the request and response sequence is as follows:
1.You enter http://server.com into your browser’s address bar.
2.Your browser looks up the IP address for server.com.
3.Your browser issues a request for the home page at server.com.
4.The request crosses the Internet and arrives at the server.com web server.
5.The web server, having received the request, looks for the web page on its hard disk.
6.The web page is retrieved by the server and returned to the browser.
7.Your browser displays the web page
Web Server:
A web server is a computer system that processes requests via HTTP, the basic
network protocol used to distribute information on the World Wide Web. The term can
refer to the entire system, or specifically to the software that accepts and supervises
the HTTP requests.
The software that distributes the information and the machine where the information
and software reside is called the server provides requested service to client
e.g., Web server sends requested Web page. The software that resides on the remote
machine, communicates with the server, fetches the information, processes it, and
then displays it on the remote machine. The remote machine is called the client.
Web client:
Initiates contact with server

Typically requests service from server

Web: client implemented in browser
Software that delivers Web pages and other documents to browsers using the HTTP
protocol.
A web page is a document or resource of in
Web Page:
formation that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web
browser.

Website:
A collection of pages on the World Wide Web that are accessible from the same URL
and typically residing on the same server.
URL:
Uniform Resource Locator, the unique address which identifies a resource on the
Internet for routing purposes.
Client-server paradigm
A server process, running on a server host, provides access to a service. A
client process, running on a client host, accesses the service via the server
process. The interaction of the process proceeds according to a protocol.

The primary idea of a client/server system is that you have a central

repository of information—some kind of data, often in a database—that you
want to distribute on demand to some set of people or machines.

Web Server:
Server for Web is called Web server: o Apache (public domain)

MS Internet Information Server

Protocol: Protocols are agreed formats for transmitting data between
devices.

The protocol determines:

i. The error checking required

ii. Data compression method used

iii. The way the end of a message is signalled

iv. The way the device indicates that it has received the message
 Internet Protocol:

There are many protocols used by the Internet and the WWW:

TCP/IP
HTTP
FTP
Electronic mail protocols IMAP
POP
TCP/IP
The Internet uses two main protocols (developed by Vincent Cerf and Robert Kahn)
Transmission control protocol (TCP):Controls disassembly of message into packets at the origin reassembles at the destination
Internet protocol (IP): Specifies the addressing details for each packet Each packet is labelled with its origin and destination.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
The hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991
 HTTP was designed to transfer web pages between machines
The client (or Web browser) makes a request for a given page and the Server is responsible for finding it and returning it to the client
 The browser connects and requests a page from the server
The server reads the page from the file system, sends it to the client and terminates the connection.
 World Wide Web: comprises software (Web server and browser) and data

Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses:

- Every node has a unique numeric address
- Form: 32-bit binary number
HTTP:
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used by the Internet
to transfer hypertext documents.
A protocol to transfer hypertext requests and information between servers and
browsers.
Hypertext is text, displayed on a computer, with references (hyperlinks) to other text
that the reader can immediately follow, usually by a mouse HTTP is behind every request
for a web document or graph, every click of a hypertext link, and every submission of a
form.
HTTP
The specifies
and client makes
returning
howrequest
clients request
it toa the
data,
for a given
client.
andand
page how servers
the serverrespond to these
is responsible forrequests.
finding it
The browser connects and requests a page from the server.
The server reads the page from the file system and sends it to the client and then
terminates the connection
HTTP message is the information transaction between the client and server.

Two types of HTTP Message:

1.Requests
a.Client to server
2.Responses
b. Server to client
Request Message:

Request Line:

A request line has three parts, separated by spaces

 a method name
 the local path of the requested resource
 the version of HTTP being used

A typical request line is:

GET /path/to/file/index.html HTTP/1.1

Request Header:
The POST request message has a content body that is normally used to send parameters and data
The IIS server returns two status codes in its response for a POST request
O The first is 100 Continue to indicate that it has successfully received the POST request O The second is 200 OK after the request has been processed.
HTTP RESPONSE STATUS CODES
Informational (1xx)
Successful (2xx)
Redirection (3xx)
Client error (4xx)
403 : forbidden
404: Not found
Server error (5xx)
503: Service unavailable
505: HTTP version not supported

TYPES OF SERVERS
WEB SERVER
A web server is a computer system that processes requests via HTTP, the basic network protocol used to distribute information on the World Wide Web. The term can refer to the entire system, or specifically to the software that accepts and supervises
the HTTP requests.
A web server can usually handle multiple simultaneous connections and—when not communicating with a client—spends its time listening for an incoming connection. When one arrives, the server sends back a response to confirm its receipt.
Web servers use HTTP to allow access to the Internet. They search through and use HTML files that are sent to web browsers and translated so the user can understand them. It is also capable of accessing and storing other types of files, but they are
often attached in some way to the HTML files it has, such as having images that are placed upon the HTML.
Web servers are primarily used to store process and deliver the pages of a web site to
users.
The software that distributes the information and the machine where the information and software reside is called
the server.
provides requested service to client
Web server sends requested Web page
Computer system that processes requests via HTTP, the basic network protocol used to distribute information on
the World Wide Web.

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF A WEB SERVER

Can refer

Store,
 to the
process entire
and system,
deliver web or specifically
pages to the
to clients. The software that accepts
communication andclient
between supervises the HTTP
and server takesrequests.
place using the
Hypertext Transfer
Pages delivered
 areProtocol (HTTP).
most frequently HTML documents, which may include images, style sheets and scripts in
addition to text content.
Multiple web servers may be used for a high traffic website

A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates communication by making a request for a specific
resource using HTTP and the server responds with the content of that resource or an error message if unable to do
so.
The resource is typically a real file on the server's secondary storage, but this is
not necessarily the case and depends on how the web server is implemented.

While the primary function is to serve content, a full implementation of HTTP

also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for
submitting web forms, including uploading of files.
Web servers are not only used for serving the World Wide Web. They can
also be found embedded in devices such as printers, routers, webcams and
serving only a local network.

Web servers are able to map the path component of a Uniform Resource
Locator (URL) into:

 A local file system resource (for static requests)

 An internal or external program name (for dynamic requests)
 For a static request the URL path specified by the client is relative to the
web server's root directory.

Consider the following URL as it would be requested by a client:

http://www.example.com/path/file.html
The client's user agent will translate it into a connection to www.example.com
with the following HTTP 1.1 request:

GET /path/file.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com

Functions of webserver:

1.Stores and secures website data:

In web hosting services, a web server stores all website data and secures
it from unauthorized users when it is properly configured.

2.Provides web database access:

A web server’s responsibility is to provide access to websites that are

hosted. Web hosting service providers own some web servers that are used in
variable ways to provide different web hosting services, such as backend
database servers.

3.Serve the end user requests:

Web servers accept requests from different users connected over the
internet and serve them accordingly.

4.Bandwidth controlling to regulate network traffic:

It is a feature available in web server to minimize excess network traffic.

Web Hosts can set bandwidth values to regulate the rate of data transmission
over the internet. This feature avoids the down time caused by high web traffic.
5.
Server side web scripting:
This feature of web server enables the user to create dynamic web pages. The popular server side scripting languages include Perl, Ruby, Python, PHPandASP etc

Examples of web server

Apache Web Server
Nginx
Boa Webserver
Foxserv Web Server
Microsoft's Web Server, IIS.
Roxen WebServer
Tomcat

Application server
This is a server that is dedicated to serving a certain piece of software. It is often used in conjunction with other servers and software. For example, you may sign up for online gaming and be
directed to servers set up solely for the gaming software.
System software upon which web applications or desktop applications. Application servers consist of Web server connectors, computer programming languages, runtime libraries, database
connectors, and the administration code needed to deploy, configure, manage, and connect these components on a web host.
An application server runs behind a web Server (e.g. Apache or Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)) and (almost always) in front of an SQL database (e.g.
PostgreSQL, MySQL, or Oracle).
Many application servers accept network requests from Web browsers and manage connections to large databases.
Typically found in business environments, application servers often run on the same network hardware as Web servers.
Some application servers also handle things like load-balancing (distributing the workload) and failover (automatically switching to a standby system if the current application fails). Fig application
sever architecture
WEB SERVER APPLICATION SERVER
It is a program which It is a server program which
uses the Client/Server resides in a computer inside a
model and Hyper Text distributed network. Business
Transfer logic for an application-server
implementation is provided by
Protocol (HTTP) to serve
this server program.
files to web users. The
files are served in the
form of web pages.
Web server came into Application server came into
existence in 1989 existence for the first time in
when Tim Berners- Lee 1990’s.
wrote two programs as
part of his new project
for Europe organization
for Nuclear Research
(CERN). It led to the
execution of the first
web server.

A computer program or a It is a type of software engine.

dedicated computer
itself can be a web server.
It accepts HTTP requests It provides different applications
from clients and provides to other devices connected in a
HTTP responses. It can network.
also return data in the
form of HTML documents
and other objects linked
to them.
Application Server Advantages:
Code Integrity

Centralized Configuration

Security

Performance

Lower Cost of Ownership

Transaction Support


DATABASE SERVER

A database server is a server which has a database application that provides database services to other computer programs or to computers, as defined by the client–server model.
Database management systems frequently provide database-server functionality, and some database management systems (DBMSs) (such as My SQL) rely exclusively on the client–server
model for database access (while others e.g. SQLite are meant for using as an embedded database).
Users access a database server either through a "front end" running on the user's computer – which displays requested data – or through the "back end", which runs on the server and handles
tasks such as data analysis and storage.
Examples of proprietary database applications Oracle, DB2, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server.
Examples of free software database applications include Post greSQL; and under the GNU General Public Licence include Ingres and My SQL. Every server uses its own query logic and structure.
The SQL (Structured Query Language) query language is more or less the same on all relational database applications.

Functions of database server

Checks authorization

Accepts and processes database requests from clients

Ensures integrity constraints not violated

Performs query/update processing and transmits response to client

Provides concurrent database access, transaction management and recovery control

Functions of database server
Checks authorization
Accepts and processes database requests from clients
Ensures integrity constraints not violated
Performs query/update processing and transmits response to client
Provides concurrent database access, transaction management and recovery control
WEB BROWSER FUNDAMENTALS
A website is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server. A website
may be accessible via a public Internet Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, or a private local area network (LAN), by referencing a uniform resource locator (URL) that
identifies the site.
Websites can have many functions and can be used in various fashions; a website can be a personal website, a corporate website for a company, a government website, an
organization website, etc. Websites are typically dedicated to a particular topic or purpose, ranging from entertainment and social networking to providing news and education.
Web Browser is an application software that allows us to view and explore information on the web. User can request for any web page by just entering a URL into address bar.
Web browser can show text, audio, video, animation and more. It is the responsibility of a web browser to interpret text and commands contained in the web page.
A web browser is a type of software that allows you to find and view websites
on the Internet. There are many different web browsers, but some of the most
common ones include Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari, and Mozilla
Firefox.

URLs and the address bar

Each website has a unique address, called a URL (short for Uniform
Resource Locator).
It's like a street address that tells your browser where to go on the Internet.
When you type a URL into the browser's address bar and press Enter on your
keyboard, the browser will load the page associated with that URL.

In the example below, we've typed www.example.com/filename into the

address bar.
Tabbed browsing

Many browsers allow you to open links in a new tab. You can open as many links
as you want, and they'll stay in the same browser window instead of cluttering
your screen with multiple windows.
Your browser will also keep a history of every site you visit. This is another good
way to find a site you visited previously. To view your history, open your
browser settings—usually by clicking the icon in the upper-right corner—and
select History.

DOWNLOADING FILES

Links don't always go to another website. In some cases, they point to a file
that can be downloaded, or saved, to your computer.

If you click a link to a file, it may download automatically, but sometimes it just
opens within your browser instead of downloading. To prevent it from opening
in the browser, you
can right-click the link and select Save link as (different browsers may use
slightly different wording, like Save target as).
 WEB AUTHORING / HTML EDITORS / XHTML EDITORS

Examples include:
web page authoring tools (e.g., WYSIWYG HTML editors)
software for directly editing source code or markup
software foras
(e.g., "Save converting to webin
HTML" features content
office technologies
suites)
integrated development environments (e.g., for web
application development)
software that generates web content on the basis of
templates, scripts, command-line input or "wizard"-type
processesfor rapidly updating portions of web pages
software
(e.g., blogging, wikis, online forums)
software for live collaboration over the web
software for updating social media profiles,
microblogging, and photo and video sharing
software
content for generating/managing entire web sites (e.g.,
content management
aggregators) systems, courseware tools,
email clients that send messages in web content
technologies
multimedia authoring tools
debugging tools for web content
software for creating mobile web applications
scripting libraries
web application frameworks, IDEs and SDKs Softwares:

•Dreamweaver, by Adobe (formerly by Macromedia)

•Arachnophilia, by P. Lutus

 by Adobe
FrontPage, by Microsoft
HomeSite, by Macromedia (formerly by Allaire)
TextPad, by Helios Software Solutions
TopStyle CSS, Inc.
Technologies, HTML, XHTML Editor,
(formerly by NewsGator
by Bradsoft)
HotDog, by Sausage Software
 Assignment

S.No. Questions K level

1. Design a web page of your college K3

2. Design a webpage of your company K3

42
 UNIT I

Multiple Choice Questions

1.Web pages can be created using

a. any word processor.
b. only Web authoring software.
c. only Microsoft products.
d. only Microsoft FrontPage or Macromedia Dreamweaver.
Answer: A
2.HTML is what type of language ?
a. Scripting Language
b. Markup Language
c. Programming Language
d. Network Protocol
Answer:B
3.HTML uses
a. User defined tags
b. Pre-specified tags
c. Fixed tags defined by the language
d. Tags only for linking
ANSWER:-B
4.Fundamental HTML Block is known as ___________.
a. HTML Body
b. HTML Tag
c. HTML Attribute
d. HTML Element
5.Apart from <b> tag, what other tag makes text bold ?
a. <fat>
b. <strong>
c. <black>
d. <emp>
ANSWER:-B
6.HTML documents stored in the file in the form _ .
A..hxm.
B..html or .htm.
C. .hm.
D. .hml.
ANSWER: B
 MCQs..

7.In html both text and images act as a .

a. link through anchors.
b. links to anchor.
c. anchors through links.
d. anchors to links.
ANSWER: D
8.Links are inserted using the element.
a. a link.
b. anchor element.
c. href.
d. <a href = "">.
ANSWER: D
9.______attribute is provided for browsers, if the images were turned off.
a. alt.
b. img.
c. src.
d. pixel.
ANSWER: A
10.CSS style sheets are called .
a. cascading.
b. inherits.
c. cascading style sheets.
d. ancestor element.
ANSWER: A
11.HTML commands, such as <H1>, are known as:
A. labels.
B. tickets.
C. browser requests.
D. tags.
Answer: D
12.Web authoring software includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Microsoft FrontPage.
b. Macromedia Dreamweaver.
c. Adobe GoLive.
d. Adobe Acrobat.
Answer: D
 MCQs…

13.URL stands for:

A. unique resource locator.
B. uniform resource location.
C. unique representation location.
D. uniform resource locator.
Answer: D
14.To register a business name and create a unique URL, a business pays a fee
and goes to:
A. a domain name registry company.
B. the Department of Commerce.
C. the Department of Defense.
D. Microsoft.
Answer: A
15.The protocol used to transfer Web pages is:
A. http.
B. ftp.
C. url.
D. the path.
Answer: A
16.Which of the following is a valid uniform resource locator?
a) http://www.acm.org/sigmod
b) www.google.com
c) www.ann.in
d) http:/www.acm.org/sigmod/
ANSWER:-A
17.http://www.google.com/search?q=silberschatz
In the above URL which one is the argument which is used for processing of the
URL?
a) google
b) google.com
c) search
d) q=silberschatz
ANSWER:-D
18.HTTP defines two ways in which values entered by a user at the browser can
be sent to the Web server. The _____ method encodes the values as part of the
URL.
a) Post
b) Get
c) Read
d) Argument
ANSWER:-B
19.Html code contains:
a) Tags
b) Attributes
c) Elements
d) All of the mentioned
ANSWER:-C
20.The extra information is usually maintained in the form of a _________ at the
client.
a) Cookie
b) History
c) Remainder
d) None of the mentioned
ANSWER:-A
21.Which tag creates a check box for a form in HTML?
a. <checkbox>
b. <input type="checkbox">
d. <input checkbox>
Answer: B
22.To create a combo box (drop down box) which tag will you use?
a. <select>
b. <list>
c. <input type="dropdown">
d. all of above
Answer: A
23.To create HTML document you requirea
a. web page editing software
b. High powered computer
c. Just a notepad can be used
d. None of above
Answer: C
24.The special formatting codes in HTML document used to present content are
a. tags
b. attributes
c. values
d. None of above
Answer:A
25.HTML documents are saved in
a. Special binary format
b. Machine language codes
c. ASCII text
d. None of above
Answer: C
 Part-A Question and Answer

S. PART-A K CO
level
No Q&A
What is http?
1 K1 CO3
HTTP is a communication standard governing the requests and
responses that take place between the browser running on the
end user’s computer and the web server.
Give Structure of HTML Tag (Element) Alignment
2 K1 CO3
Common Tags (Elements): ·
Always include the …tags ·<HTML>…</HTML>
Comments placed inside tags · <!----!>
HTML document
HEAD section.
Info about the document.
Info in header not generally rendered in display window.
TITLE element names your Web page.
BODY section Page content Includes text, images, links, forms,
etc
Elements include backgrounds, link colors and font faces
P element forms a paragraph, blank line before and after
Structure of HTML Tag (Element) Alignment

47
S.N PART-A K level CO
o. Q&A
3 List the desirable features that need to be considered K1 CO3
while designing a web site.
1) Simplicity
2) Visual Hierarchy
3) Navigability
4) Consistency
5) Accessibility
6) Conventionality
7) Credibility
8) User-Centricity
4 Define Web Clients. K1 CO3
A Web Client is software that accesses a web server by
sending an HTTP request message and processing the
resulting HTTP response.
5 What are Web Servers? K2 CO3
A Web Server is software that accepts HTTP requests from
web clients and returns an appropriate resource in the
HTTP response.
6 List out the available HTTP methods. K2 CO3
GET, HEAD, POST, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, TRACE
7 Write the expansion for the following. K2 CO3
ARPA – Advanced Research Projects Agency UDP – User
Datagram Protocol
POP3 – Post Office Protocol version 3
MIME – Multimedia Internet Message Extension Protocol
IMAP – Internet Message Access Protocol
8 List out the basic Internet Protocols.
TCP/IP, POP3, MIME, IMAP K2 CO3
9 What are the two major protocols for accessing email from
K2 CO3
servers?
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol and SMTP - Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol.
10 Define Internet?
K2 CO3
The internet is the world’s largest IP-based network. It is
an amorphous group of computers in many different
countries on all seven continents that talk to each
other using the IP protocol.

48
S.N PART-A K CO
o. Q&A level
11 What is the structure of HTTP Request Message? K2 CO3
Start line (Request method, Request URI portion of web address, HTTP
version) Header fields
Blank line, Message Body
12 Write the structure of HTTP Response Message.
K1 CO3
Status line Header fields Blank line Message Body

13 What are HTTP Status Codes?

K2 CO3
This code provides the information about the HTTP Response from the
server. All status code is three-digit decimal numbers. The first
digit represents the general class of status code. The last two digits
of a status code define the specific status within the specified class.
14 List out the five classes of HTTP 1.1 status codes.
K1 CO3
Digit Class
International
Success
Redirection
Client Error
Server Error
15 List out the available HTTP methods.
GET, HEAD, POST, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, TRACE
16 List any four common browsers.
1. Firefox
2. Internet Explorer
3. Chrome
4. Safari
17 What is a web browser?
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser)
is a software application for retrieving, presenting and
traversing information resources on the World Wide
Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI/URL) that may be a web page,
image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks
present in resources enable users easily to navigate their
browsers to related resources.

49
S.No. PART-A K CO
Q&A level

18 What is URI? K1 CO3

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of
characters used to identify a resource.
Such identification enables interaction with
representations of the resource over a network,
typically the World Wide Web, using specific
protocols. Schemes specifying a concrete syntax
and associated protocols define each URI.

19 What is the structure of HTTP Request K2 CO3

Message?
Start line (Request method, Request URI
portion of web address, HTTP version)
Header fields
Blank line, Message Body

20 Define Protocol?
K2 CO3
A protocol is a precise set of rules defining how
components communicate, the format of
addresses, how data is split into

50
S.No. PART-A K CO
Q&A level

List out the available HTTP methods.

21 K1 CO3
GET, HEAD, POST, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, TRACE

What are Two types of Network Address

22 K1 CO3
There are 2 different types of network addresses, one is a
MAC (Media Access Control) address and the other one is
an IP (Internet Protocol) address. The IP address is a virtual
address and it operates on Layer 3 (Network).

What are HTTP Status Codes?

23 K2 CO3
This code provides the information about the HTTP
Response from the server. All status code is three-digit
decimal numbers. The first digit represents the general class
of status code. The last two digits of a status code define the
specific status within the specified class

51
 Part-B Questions

S.No PART-B QUESTIONS K CO

. level

Explain in detail about elements of WWW (13)

1 K2 CO3

Explain in detail about working of website

2 K2 CO3

Explain in detail about HTTP Protocol K2 CO3

3

Describe the procedure to create a website. (13)

4 K3 CO3

Explain in detail about web authoring tools

5 K1 CO3

6 What are features of good K1 CO3

website(8)

Explain in detail about HTML Form Elements K1 CO3

7
with example (13)

52
 Supportive online certification courses

S.No Title of the Course Link

.
1 HTML/CSS Udemy web design
https://www.udemy.com/cou
rses/design/web-design/

2 Html/CSS/java https://www.coursera.org/lea
script for web rn/html-css-javascript-for-
developers web-developers

3 Html 5.0 / CSS https://www.edx.org/course/

Fundamentals html5-and-css-fundamentals?
index=product&queryID=b4b
3a12436132f38989f4fc7225e4
40c&position=1

53
Real time Applications in day to day life and to Industry

S.No. Title

1 Create a blog website for your own

2 Create a website of your interest

54
 Content beyond the syllabus

S.No. Topic
1 Tomcat server

2 Creating own blog

3 Secure servers

55
PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS

Textbooks

TEXT BOOKS: 1. Robin Nixon, "Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS

& HTML5" Third Edition, O'REILLY, 2014.

2. James F. Kurose, ―Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach‖,

Sixth Edition, Pearson, 2012. REFERENCES:
References

1. Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao, "Mobile Cellular Communication",

Pearson, 2012.

2. R. Kelly Rainer , Casey G. Cegielski , Brad Prince, Introduction to

Information Systems, Fifth Edition, Wiley Publication, 2014.

3. it-ebooks.org

56
 Mini project suggestions

S.No. Topic
1 College website creation

2 Company website creation

57
 Thank you

Disclaimer:

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58