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Biofuels
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Mike Maddigan
Denice Nelson
Pennsylvania Department
Environmental Protection ARCADIS-US, Inc.
Harrisburg, PA Minneapolis, MN
717-772-3609 612-386-4618
mmaddigan@pa.gov denice.nelson
@arcadis-us.com
Introduction
Releases
Fate and Transport
Q&A Session #1
Site Investigation
Long-Term Response Strategies
Summary
Q&A Session #2
Dispensing
Dispenser Station
System
Vadose
Zone
Underground
Storage Tank
System (UST)
Capillary
Fringe
Aquifer
Groundwater
Flow Direction
What Are Biofuels?
Catastrophic impact of
large releases
• Large releases from tank
car train derailments
• Massive fires 2009 train derailment in Rockford, IL
Smaller releases resulting in 435,000-gallon DFE release.
• Slow leaks can go
undetected (such as in
storage tanks)
• Large volume - severe
environmental impacts
WA
MT
OR MN
PA MA
MO
NM
LA
FL
HI
International Mandates
European Union
• Directive 2003/30/EC
• Promotes biofuels use in
transportation sector
• Proposes non-mandatory
biofuels use targets
Brazil
• Has required the use of
biofuels since 1976
ITRC Guidance: Biofuels: Release
Prevention, Environmental Behavior, and
Remediation
1. Biofuel basics
2. Release prevention and
response planning
3. Fate & transport (F&T) of
biofuels in the environment
4. Characterizing release
sites
5. Long-term response
strategies
6. Stakeholder concerns
What is Not Covered
ED
manufacturing processes
D
LU
End-user considerations
NC
Biofuel policies
TI
Fuel additives
NO
Applying the ITRC Document Before a
Release
Release prevention
• Ensure materials
compatibility
• Update best management
practices
Release response
planning
• Fire/explosion threats
• Rapid containment
Applying the ITRC Document After a
Release
ASTM
Fuel Description
Standard
E85 A commercial trade name representing an No adopted
alternative fuel consisting of 70%–85% DFE standard
by volume as defined in the EPAct of 1992
Ethanol fuel Fuel produced for use in ground vehicles D5798-11
blends for equipped with flexible-fuel spark-ignition
flexible-fuel engines containing 51%–83% ethanol; may
vehicles be referred to at retail as “ethanol flex-fuel”
Intermediate Intermediate blends of DFE and gasoline No adopted
ethanol >E10 and <E51 standard
blends
E10 Gasoline with up to 10% DFE by volume D4814
(standard for
gasoline)
“Neat Ethanol” (E100) is non denatured ethanol
Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends
(Table 1-2)
ASTM
Fuel Description
Standard
Biodiesel fuel blend stock; legally registered as a
B100 fuel and fuel additive with USEPA under Section D6751-11
211(b) of the Clean Air Act
No
>B20 to A blend of petroleum-distillate and biodiesel fuel
standard
<B100 that contains between 21% to 99% biodiesel
adopted
A blend of petroleum-distillate and biodiesel fuel
>B5 to B20 D7467-10
that contains between 6% to 20% biodiesel
D975
Fuel blends of up to 5% biodiesel fuel are
(same as
Up to B5 considered a fungible component of conventional
petroleum
petroleum-based diesel fuel
standard)
“Neat Biodiesel” is biodiesel not blended with petroleum-based diesel and is
designated as “B100”
Biofuel Production Projections
(Figures 1-1 and 1-2)
6,000
15,000
5,000
10
12
14
16
18
20
20
20
20
20
4,000
3,000
10
12
14
18
16
20
20
20
20
20
Opportunities to Use this Document
in Your State
Connection to your state vapor intrusion
regulations or guidance
• Fate & transport modeling
• Indoor air modeling
Equipment compatibility requirements
• Storage tank programs
• Bulk transport requirements
Facility response plans
• Emergency response
• Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures
(SPCC) plans
Training Roadmap
Introduction
Releases
Fate and Transport
Q&A Session #1
Site Investigation
Long-Term Response Strategies
Summary
Q&A Session #2
Biofuel Releases
(Section 2)
This section will cover
Evaluated based on the differences
Release Scenarios between petroleum and biofuel
and Frequencies supply chains
Release Causes
Prevention
Emergency
Response Planning
Petroleum vs. Biofuel Supply Chains
(Combined Figures 2-1 and 2-2)
Manufacturing Bulk Depot / Dispensing
Refinery –OR– Facility Supply Terminal Station
(Bulk) (Blended)
Transport Distribution
Pipeline Truck
Truck
Applicable plans
• Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures
(SPCC) regulations (40 CFR 112)
• Facility Response Plans (FRP)
Additional Emergency Response considerations
• Common fire-fighting foams – less effective
• Appropriate foams – less available
• Sorbent booms – miscibility, sorption, etc.
• Impacts to sensitive receptors – oxygen demand,
biodegradability, etc.
Our Case Study: The Release
Introduction
Releases
Fate and Transport
Q&A Session #1
Site Investigation
Long-Term Response Strategies
Summary
Q&A Session #2
Fate and Transport
(Section 3)
This section will cover:
Biofuel
Properties
Surface and
subsurface
behavior
Effects on microbial
communities and by-
product formation
Impacts on petroleum
hydrocarbons and Use of the hypothetical case
NAPL study to help illustrate key points
Properties of Selected Fuel Components
(Table 3-1)
Henry’s
Vapor
Solubility Law Biodegradation
Pressure Implications
(mg/L) Constant Potential
(mm Hg)
(unitless)
Ethanol Infinite 2.1E-4 to 59 Aerobic: hours to Readily partitions to water
2.6E-4 days and dilutes according to
Anaerobic: days availability. Rapidly
to weeks biodegradable
Benzene 1,800 0.22 75 Aerobic: days to Readily partitions to vapor
months phase from NAPL and
Anaerobic: years from water
Unsaturated zone
Primary source (short term)
Trapped and sorbed residual
Volatilization
NAPL Groundwater source (longer term)
body Capillary fringe
n
tio
ol u
Aquifer
s
Dis
In groundwater, rapid
biodegradation will
induce anaerobic
Dead paddlefish resulting from a
conditions release of Wild Turkey Bourbon
Biofuel Biodegradation
(Figure 3-2)
Biofuels more readily biodegradable
Methane
CO2 Ethanol
CO2
H2 Acetyl CoA Butyryl CoA Butyrate
CO2
Acetone AcetoacetylCoA Butanol
Acetate
Figure 3-2. Major routes of the
anaerobic fermentation of ethanol
Methane
Factors Affecting Biodegradation
Oxygen
• Upper explosive limit (UEL) 12% Capable of forming
= 15% in atmosphere explosive mixtures
with air
LEL equivalent 8%
concentration in
groundwater Not capable of
4% forming explosive
• 1 - 2 mg/L mixtures with air
• Dependent on temperature
0
0 4% 8% 12% 16% 20%
Methane
Figure source: Relationship Between Quantitative Composition
30 CFR 57.22003 and Explosivity of Mixtures of Methane and Air
Generation of Methane
(Figure 3-3)
Media impacts to
vadose zone, capillary
fringe and
groundwater
• Capillary fringe can
act as a lingering
source area for
ethanol CH4
Groundwater will
become anaerobic,
possibly leading to
methane generation
Fate and Transport Summary
Introduction
Releases
Fate and Transport
Q&A Session #1
Site Investigation
Long-Term Response Strategies
Summary
Q&A Session #2
Training Roadmap
Introduction
Releases
Fate and Transport
Q&A Session #1
Site Investigation
Long-Term Response Strategies
Summary
Q&A Session #2
Site Investigation
(Section 4)
This section will cover:
Risk
Drivers
Monitoring
CH4
Analytical
Methods
Site Closure
Use of the hypothetical case
Considerations
study to help illustrate key points
Risk Drivers for Site Investigation
Surface water
• Ethanol can not be recovered due to solubility; biodiesel can be
recovered like petroleum
• Dissolved oxygen depletion – risk to aquatic species a significant
new concern
Vadose zone
• Explosive risk from increased methane production – NO ODOR
• Potential increased vapor intrusion (VI) risk for petroleum VOCs
Groundwater
• Risk to drinking water supplies due to plume elongation
• Biofuel degradation can produce taste and odor issues in
drinking water supplies
July 2008 – Lanesboro, MN
3,000 gals E95
Our Case Study: Site Investigation
(Section 4)
CH4
Site Investigation – What’s Different
Groundwater
• Generally more reliable than soil gas for detection
• Well screen lengths may affect concentrations
• Must closely follow QA/QC sampling procedures
• Methane is easily lost during sampling
• Levels above 25 mg/L indicate saturated levels where
ebullition (bubbling) may be occurring
Soil gas
• Sampling points and procedures same as VOCs (ITRC
2007, Vapor Intrusion Pathway: A Practical Guideline)
• If potential receptors are present at least one vapor
monitoring point should be placed in the release area
November 2006 - Cambria, MN
25,000 gals DFE (E95)
Delayed Methane Generation: Cambria, MN
Case Study July 2007 (Appendix D)
Delayed Methane Generation: Cambria, MN
Case Study December 2007 (Appendix D)
Ethanol Monitoring (Section 4.1.2)
Vadose zone
• Soil gas monitoring same as VOCs
• Soils can be sampled using standard VOC methodology
Capillary fringe
• Lysimeters have been used, but sampling capillary fringe not
necessary
Groundwater
• Shorter monitoring well screens recommended to capture ethanol
draining, and/or leaching from the capillary fringe
• Multi-level wells may be needed
• Detection of ethanol in groundwater should not be used alone for
methane risk assessment
Cambria, MN Case Study
Soil Sample
6,340,000 ug/kg
Ethanol
Aq. Ethanol
Capillary fringe
MW-20 (5’ screen)
5,300,000 ug/L
Groundwater
MW-1 (10’ screen)
ND
CH4
Introduction
Releases
Fate and Transport
Q&A Session #1
Site Investigation
Long-Term Response Strategies
Summary
Q&A Session #2
Long-Term Response Strategies
(Section 5)
General
considerations
for remediation
Risk
management CH4
Remedial
selection Use of the hypothetical case
study to help illustrate key points
Our Case Study: Long-Term
Response Strategies (Section 5)
Requires consideration of: Case study:
• Type of biofuel • E85 spill
• Extent and magnitude of the • Media impacted:
release • Vadose zone
• Regulatory threshold for a • Capillary Fringe
COC(s)
• Groundwater
• Risk to identified receptors • State regulations applicable to
gasoline components
• Dispensing station building and
surrounding residential area
CH4
Generalized Framework
(Figure 5-1)
Site Conceptual Sections
Risk Sect 5.2.1 Sect 5.3
Model/Site 3 and 4
acceptable or
Characterization No Active
manageable w/
controls? Remedy
No
Risk Management
(Section 5.2.1; Table 5-1)
Benefits Limitations
Dissolved • High concentrations of some dissolved biofuel constituents (i.e.,
biofuel is ethanol) can be toxic to microorganisms
readily • Delayed biodegradation of more recalcitrant contaminants via
biodegradable preferential biodegradation of the biofuel
without • Does not address immediate risks
additional • High potential for methane generation
enhancement • Does not address LNAPL, although microbial processes can
enhance dissolution in groundwater
• Surface water may become anoxic, impacting aquatic species
and habitat
Selection of Remedial Technology
(Tables 5-2 and 5-3)
Active remedy
• Eliminate or reduce the remediation driver or COC
Remedial technologies
Active
• Soils/Sediment (Table 5-2) Remedy
• Groundwater/Surface water (Table 5-3)
Categorized as in situ or ex situ
Subdivided within each category by dominant remedial
mechanism
• Biological technologies (e.g. enhanced aerobic biodegradation)
• Chemical (e.g. chemical oxidation)
• Physical (e.g. soil vapor extraction)
Provides discussion on overall benefits and limitations of each
technology to help guide selection
Remedial Technology (Soils Example)
Table 5-2
Introduction
Releases
Fate and Transport
Q&A Session #1
Site Investigation
Long-Term Response Strategies
Summary
Q&A Session #2
Our Case Study: Summary
Equipment compatibility
issues
Biofuels fate & transport in
the environment
Methane gas generation
Site investigation design
Monitoring in CH4
environmental media
Long-term response
strategies
Risk management
Overall Summary
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