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CH 01
CH 01
Introduction
1.1
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
1.2
Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication
1.3
Data Representation
1.4
Data Representation
1.6
1-2 NETWORKS
1.8
Network Criteria
To be considered effective and efficient, a network must
meet a number of criteria.
Performance
Reliability
Security
1.9
Performance
Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit
time and response time. The performance of network depends
on a number of factors.
Number of users : Having a large number of concurrent users
can slow response time in a network not designed to coordinate
heavy traffic loads. In peak load periods the actual number of
users can exceed the average and decrease performance.
Type of transmission medium : The medium defines the
speed at which data can travel through a connection (the data
rate). The speed of light imposes an upper bound on the data rate.
Connected Hardware : The types of hardware included in a
network affect both the speed and capacity of transmission.
1.10
Performance
1.11
Reliability
1.12
Security
1.13
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint
1.14
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology
1.15
Mesh topology
1.16
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)
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Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations
1.18
Star topology
1.19
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations
1.20
A bus topology
The bus topology is also known as a linear bus. This is the
simplest and most common method of networking computers. It
consist of a single cable called a trunk that connects all of the
computers in the network in the single-line.
Advantages:
Easy to install, Less cabling then mesh star or tree
Disadvantages:
Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation
A fault or break in the bus cable stop all transmission.
1.21
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations
1.22
Ring topology
1.23
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks
1.24
Categories of Networks
1.25
Categories of Networks
LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared between personal
computers or workstations. The resources to be shared can include hardware
(e.g., a printer), software (e.g., an application program), or data.
The switched WAN connects the end systems, which usually comprise a
router (internet working connecting device) that connects to another LAN or
WAN. The point-to-point WAN is normally a line leased from a telephone or
cable TV provider that connects a home computer or a small LAN to an Internet
service provider (ISP). This type of WAN is often used to provide Internet
access.
A good example of a MAN is the part of the telephone company network that
can provide a high-speed DSL line to the customer. Another example is the
cable TV network that originally was designed for cable TV, but today can also
be used for high-speed data connection to the Internet.
1.26
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
1.27
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN
1.28
Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork
1.29
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs
1.30
1-3 THE INTERNET
1.31
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
1.33
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet
1.34
1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS
1.35
Protocols
1.36
Standards
1.37
Data communication standards fall into two categories:
de facto (meaning "by fact" or "by convention") and
de jure (meaning "by law" or "by regulation").
1.38
Standards Organizations
1.39
Forums
1.40
Regulatory Agencies
1.41