database

management
system
 1.
Data
management
approach
 Data Management Systems
✘ Complex set of software programs that control the
organization, storage and retrieval of data in a
database
✘ It also controls the security and integrity of the
database.

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 Flat file
✘ A data file that does not contain links to other files.
✘ Its a non-relational database.

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 DATA
STORAGE
DATA
UPDATING
TASK-DATA
DEPENDENCY
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 DATABASE APPROACH
DATA BASE APPROACH .
✘ Controlled by DBMS
✘ Set of formal described tables from which data can be
accessed or reassembled without having to reorganize
the database tables.

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 2.
Key elements of the
database
environment
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 Database management system
✘ A repository or a container for collection of
computerized data files.
✘ Purpose:
 Store
 Retrieve
 Update

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Used of dbms

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Features of DBMS
✘ Program Developments- contains
application development software
✘ Backup and Recovery- process of
backing up in case of loss.
✘ Database Usage Reporting
 What, when and who
✘ Database Access-authorized users to
access both formal and informal

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 DEFINITIO
N ✘ Create- used to create the databases or its
LANGUAGE
✘ Deals with descriptions of the
database schema and is used to
create and modify the structure of
database objects in the database.
Example of DDL command
objects
✘ Drop- used to delete objects from database
✘ ALTER- used to alter the structure of the
database.
✘ Truncate- used to remove all records from a
table
✘ Comment- used to add comments to the data
dictionary
✘ Rename- used to rename an object existing in
the database

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 Three viewing level of DDL
✘ Physical view- actual, physical arrangement and
location of data
✘ Logical View- describe the entire database
✘ External View- the portion that an individual user is
authorized to access

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 Data manipulation language
✘ It is a computer programming language used for
adding, deleting and modifying data in a database
✘ Example
 Inserting data
 Updating data
 Deleting data

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 Data query language
✘ Permits end users and professional programmers to
access data in the database without the need for
conventional program.
✘ Used to retrieve the data from the database.
✘ Example:
 Select- used to retrieve data from the database.

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 Structured query language
(SQL)
✘ Is a standard computer language for relational
database management and data manipulation
✘ Used to communicate with the database

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 Some of the most important SQL
Commands
✘ SELECT - extracts data from a database
✘ UPDATE - updates data in a database
✘ DELETE - deletes data from a database
✘ INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a
database
✘ CREATE DATABASE - creates a new
database
✘ ALTER DATABASE - modifies a
database
✘ CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
✘ ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
✘ DROP TABLE - deletes a table
✘ CREATE INDEX - creates an index
(search key)
✘ DROP INDEX - deletes an index
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 Database administrator
✘ The primary job is to ensure that data is available, protected from loss and

corruption and easily accessible as needed .

✘ The sharing of a common database by, multiple users requires organization
coordination, rules and guidelines to protect the integrity of the database.

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 DATABASE CONCEPTUAL
MODELS
✘ Refers to the particular method used to organize
records in a database
✘ Develop the database efficiently so that data can be
accessed quickly and easily.

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 Three main models of database
conceptual models
 Hierarchical Database
 Network Model
 Relational Model

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HIERARCHICAL DATABASE
NETWORK MODEL

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RELATIONAL MODEL

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 Physical database
✘ Both the actual device housing the information files
and the search paths used to access information
between each source
✘ Technically a smaller unit of storage referred to as
either a company, field, record or table, depending on
how much information the physical storage device
contains.

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 Physical database
✘ Data Structure ✘ Data organization ✘ Data Access Methods
• Allows records • the way records • Technique used to
to be located, are physically locate records and
stored and arranged on the to navigate
retrieved secondary through database
storage device.

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 Database terminology
✘ Data attributable/field
✘ Entity
✘ Record type
✘ Database
✘ Associations
✘ Cardinality

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 3.
Databases in a
distributed
environment

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 Centralized databases in dpp
environment
✘ Retaining the data in a central location
✘ Remote IT units send request for data to the site
which processes the request and transmits the data
back to the requesting unit.
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 Centralized databases in dpp environment
✘ ADVANTAGES ✘ DISADVANTAGES
• Cost Reductions • Loss of control
• Improved cost control • Mismanagement of resources
responsibility • Hardware and software
• Improve users satisfactions incompatibility
• Backup of data can be • Redundant task and data
improved consolidating incompatible
tasks
• Difficulty attracting qualified
personnel
• Lack of standards

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 Data currency
✘ Database lockout procedures are necessary to keep
IPU’s from reading inconsistent data and from writing
over a transaction being written by another IPU
✘ during data processing account balances pass through
as state of temporary inconsistency where their values
are incorrectly stated. This occurs during the
execution of a transaction.

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 Distributed databases
✘ Partitioning
• Splits the central database
into segments or partitions
that are distributed to their
primary users.
• Works best for the
organizations that requires
minimal data sharing
among distributed IT units.

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 partitioning
✘ Deadlock Phenomenon
• Multiply sites to lock out
each other from the
database thus preventing
each from processing each
transaction
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✘ Deadlock resolution
• Factors to be considered:
1. Resource currently
invested in the transaction
2. Transactions stage of
completion
3. The number of deadlocks
associated with the
transaction
 replication
✘ Effective in companies
where there exists a high
degree of data sharing but no
primary users.
✘ The data traffic between
sites is reduced considerably.

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 Replication
✘ Concurrency Control
• The presence of complete and accurate data at all users
sites
• Serialize transaction which involved labeling each
transactions by two criteria:
 Special software group transactions into classes to
identify potential
 Time-stamp each transaction. Each time-stamp is made
by incorporating the sites ID number
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 Database distribution method and the
accountant
✘ Question to be addressed:
• Should the organization’s data be centralized or distributed?
• If data distribution is desirable, should the databases be
replicated or portioned?
• If replicated, should the database be totally be replicated or
partially replicated?
• If the databases is to be portioned, how should the data
segments be allocated among the sites?

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 4.
controlling and
auditing data
management systems

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 Two general categories of control
✘ Access control
a) User views
b) Database Authorizations Table
c) User-defined Procedures
d) Data Encryption
e) Biometric Devices

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 Audit procedures for testing
database access control
✘ Responsibility for Authority Tables and Subschemas
✘ Appropriate Access Authority
✘ Biometric controls
✘ Inference Controls
✘ Encryptions Controls

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 THA
47 NKS!
48
 THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at @username & user@mail.me

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