BIT 2104

Introduction to Programming and

Algorithms

LECTURE 9
Decision Making and Looping

July 2, 2021 Introduction to C Programming 1

 Content
• Describe and use appropriately the C decision
making and Looping control structures
•  The while statement
•  The do statement
•  The for statement
•  Nesting for statements
• Describe and use appropriately syntax to jumping
in and jumping out of a Loop.
•  Break statement
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 Introduction
• The looping capabilities in C enables us to develop concise
programs containing repetitive processes without the use
of GOTO statements.
• In looping the sequence of statements are executed until
some conditions for termination of the loop is satisfied.
• A program loop consists of two segments, one known as
the body of the loop and the other as the control
statement.
• The control statement test certain conditions and then
directs the repeated execution of the statement contained
in the body of loop.

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 Introduction
• Classification of Loop Control Structures;
• Depending on the position of the control statement in the
loop a control structure may be classified as either a
Entry-controlled loop(Pre-test) or
• Exit-controlled loop (Post-test),
• In the entry controlled loop, the control conditions are
tested before the start of the loop execution,
• while in the Exit- controlled loop the control conditions
are tested before the end of the loop execution, thus the
body of loop is executed unconditionally for the first time

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 Introduction
• Entry Controlled Loop • Exit Controlled Loop flow
flow chart chart

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 Introduction
• The C language provides for three constructs for
performing loop operations;
•  The while statement
•  The do statement
•  The for statement
• Based on the nature of control variable and the kind of
value assigned to it for testing the control expression, the
loop may be classified into two general categories;
• Counter-controlled loops
• Sentinel-controlled loops

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 Introduction
• Counter-controlled loops:
• when in advance the number of time the loop is to be
executed is known.
• Control variable called Counter is used, which is initialized,
tested and updated properly for the desired loop
operations.
• The number of times the loop is to be executed may be a
constant or a variable that is assigned a value.
• It is also called definite repetition loop.

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 Introduction
• Sentinel-controlled loops:
• It is a special value is used to change the loop control
expression from true to false.
• The number of repetitions are not known before the loop
begins executing and is thus called indefinite repetition
loop.

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 while Loop
• The simplest of all the
looping structures in
C.
• The while statement
take the following
form;
• while (test condition)
• {
• body of loop
• }
•
The while is an entry-controlled loop
statement.
• The test-condition is evaluated and if true the
body of the loop is executed.
• After the execution the test-condition is
evaluated again and if true the body of the
loop is executed again.
• This process is repeated until the test-
condition finally becomes false and the
control is transferred outside the loop where
the program continues with the statements
immediately after the body of the loop.
•

 
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 while Loop
• Example 1 • while (n <= 10)
• • {
#include<stdio.h>
• sum = sum + n*n;
• #include<conio.h>
• n = n+ 1; 
• main()
• }
• { sum= 0;
• printf (“Sum = %d\n”,
• n = 1; sum);
• getch();
• }

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 while Loop
• Example 2 •  y =1 ;
• •  count = 1
#include<stdio.h>
•  while (count <= n)
•  #include<conio.h>
•  {
•  main()
•  y = y*x;
•  {
•  count++;
•  int count, n; •  }
•  float x, y; •  printf(“\nx = %f; n = %d; x
•  printf(“Enter the values to power n = %f\n”, x,n,y); 
for x and b”); • getch();
•  scanf(“%f %d”, &x, &n); • }
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 do-while Statement
• Use when the body of
the loop needs to be
executed first before
evaluating the test-
condition.
• Format
• do
• {
• body of the loop
• }
• while (test-condition);
July 2, 2021 Introduction to C Programming
• On reaching the do statement, the
program proceeds to evaluate the
body of the loop first, and at the end
of the loop the test-condition in the
while statement is evaluated.
• If the test-condition is true the
programs evaluates the body of loop
and these process is repeated until
the test-condition is false.
• If the test- condition is false the loop
is terminated and the control goes to
the statement that appears
immediately after the while
statement
12
 do-while Statement
• printf(" MULTIPLICATION TABLE \n");
• Program to print the • printf(" -------------------------------------- \n");
multiplication table 1x1 to • do /* Outer loop begins */
•
12x12 using Nested do .. {
• column = 1;
while loops • do /* inner loop begins */
• #include<stdio.h> •  {
•  y = row * column;
• #include<conio.h> • printf("%4d", y);
• column = column + 1;
• #define COLMAX 10 • } 
• #define ROWMAX 12 main() • while(column <= COLMAX); /*Inner loop Ends*/
• printf("\n");
• {  • row = row + 1;
• }
• int row, column, y; • while (row <= ROWMAX); /* Outer loop Ends*/ printf ("
• row = 1; •
--------------------------\n");
getch();
• }

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 do-while Statement
• The printf in the inner loop does not contain any new (\n) , thus
allowing the printing of all row values in one line.
• The empty printf in the outer loop initiates a new line to print the
next row.

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 for Statement
• The for loop is an entry-controlled loop that provides a more
concise loop control structure.
• The general form for the for loop is
• for (initialization ; test-condition; increment) 
• {
• body of the loop
• }

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 for Statement
• #include<stdio.h> • In the above example, the
• #include<conio.h> for loop is executed 10
• main() times and prints the digits
•
0 to 9.
{
int x;  • Note: the three sections in
• for (x =0; x<=9; x= x+1) the for ( ) statement
must be separated by
• {
semicolons(;).
• printf("%d", x);
• There is no (;) after the
• }
increment section (x = x+1)
printf("\n");
• getch();
• }
July 2, 2021 Introduction to C Programming 16
 for Statement
• #include<stdio.h> • In the above example, the
• #include<conio.h> for loop is executed 10
• main() times and prints the digits
• {
0 to 9.
• Note: the three sections in
• int x;
•
the for ( ) statement
for (x =9; x>=0; x= x-1)
must be separated by
• { semicolons(;).
• printf("%d", x); • There is no (;) after the
• } increment section (x = x+1)
• printf("\n");
• getch();
• }
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 Nested for Statement
• Nesting of the for loop ie one for statement within another for
statement is allowed in C. Two loops can be nested as follows;

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 for Statement
• #include<stdio.h> • for (column = 1; column <= COLMAX; ++column)
• #include<conio.h> • {
• #define COLMAX 10 • y = row * column;
• #define ROWMAX 12 • printf("%4d", y);
• main() • }
• { • printf("\n");
• int row, column, y;
• }
• row = 1;
• printf (" ------------\n");
• printf(" MULTIPLICATION TABLE \n");
• getch();
• printf(" --------------------- \n");
• for (row=1; row<=ROWMAX; ++row) • }
• {
July 2, 2021 Introduction to C Programming 19
 CAT2
Write a c program that OUTPUT
will prompt user to Name: Naomi Fatuma
enter exam details and Registration Number: BE213/007/2016
display the following Course: BBIT
output 
Unit Marks:
1.System Analysis and Design = 67
2.Development Studies and Ethics = 78
3.Insurance and Risk Management = 65
4.Data Communication and Network = 89
5.Introduction to Business = 78
6.Principles of Management = 98
7.Introduction to Programming = 90
TOTAL MARKS = 560
AVERAGE MARKS = 67
July 2, 2021 Introduction to C Programming 20
AVERAGE GRADE = B