SMOKING &

SUBSTANCE
USE-6
Saba Sajjad
Ph.d Scholar
WHAT IS TOBACCO?
 Tobacco is a plant grown in the United States, China, Brazil and India among
other countries. The leaves of tobacco plants are dried, aged for two years, and
then used to make cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco and snuff.
CHEMICALS IN TOBACCO
Questions to Ask Yourself
 Would you pour nail polish remover (Acetone) over your cereal in
the morning, or brush your teeth with mascara (Stearic Acid) ? Of
course not!
 Would you use shaving cream (ethanol)
in place of whipped cream on a piece of pie? Nope!
 Yet, when you use tobacco, you are taking these chemicals into
your body!
 There are over 4,000 chemicals in tobacco.
 200 of them are heavy metals like cadmium (which is used to
make batteries).
 “REDUCED HARM” CIGARETTES
 As of June 2010, federal law prohibited the use of terms such as “light” and “mild” or
“low” on packaging
 Low-tar, low-nicotine, or filtered cigarettes
 No such thing as a safe cigarette
 Often smoke more
 Inhale up to 8 times as much tar and
nicotine as printed on the label
 Less likely to quit

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights

Reserved. 4
4
WHY PEOPLE SMOKE
 Nicotine addiction - addiction can start a few

days after have a few cigarettes. Half of teenagers

progress to daily smoking, and become addicted

 Social and psychological factors- physical

addiction, and habits (using tobacco in social

situations), character

 Why start in the first place?-- appear older,

mature, cool, manly, parents smoke do not

discourage smoking.

 Who uses tobacco?- 90% of new smokers are

children and teens, average age is 13.

 Tar – A dark, thick, sticky liquid that forms when tobacco
burns.

 1 pack of Cigarette
1 Quart of Tar in the lungs
over a lifetime

=
 Nicotine – An addictive drug that is
found in all tobacco products.

 Carbon monoxide – A colorless,

odorless, poisonous gas that is
produced when tobacco burns.
HOW TOBACCO AFFECTS THE BODY

Personal Appearance
 Stained Teeth
 Stained fingers
 Clothing damage
 Bloodshot eyes
 Wrinkles
 Smelly clothes
 Bad breath
THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF
SMOKING
 Acts on the brain either by exciting or tranquilizing the nervous
system
 Inhibits formation of urine
 Constricts blood vessels
 Accelerates heart rate
 Elevates blood pressure
 Depresses hunger contractions
 Dulls taste buds

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights

Reserved. 9
9
THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF
SMOKING
 Cardiovascular Disease
 Coronary heart disease (CHD)
 Atherosclerosis – plaque build up
 Myocardial infarction
 Stroke
 Aortic aneurysm
 Pulmonary heart disease
 Lung cancer and other cancers
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 Emphysema
 Chronic bronchitis

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights

Reserved. 10
10
ADDITIONAL HEALTH, COSMETIC,
AND ECONOMIC CONCERNS
 Ulcers and heartburn
 Reproductive health problems
 Dental diseases
 Diminished physical senses
 Injuries and accidents
 Cosmetic concerns
 Economic costs

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights

Reserved. 11
11
THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE
NONSMOKER
 Passive Smoking:
 When people who do not smoke inhale other peoples cigarette smoke.
 Passive smoking can have the same effects as smoking
 Environmental Tobacco smoke (ETS)
 EPA designated ETS as a Class A carcinogen
 Surgeon General has concluded that there is no safe level of exposure to
ETS

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights

Reserved. 12
12
ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO
SMOKE
Mainstream smoke
 Smoke exhaled by smokers
 Sidestream smoke
 Smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe
 85% of smoke in a room comes from sidestream smoke
 Twice the tar and nicotine, and three times the benzo(a)pyrene,
carbon monoxide, and ammonia
 Cigar smoke contains up to 30 times more carbon dioxide

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights

Reserved. 13
13
ETS EFFECTS
 Develop cough, headaches, nasal discomfort, eye irritation,
breathlessness, and sinus problems
 Allergies will be exacerbated
 Causes 4,000 deaths due to lung cancer
 Contributes to about 46,000 heart disease deaths each year
 Nonsmokers can be affected by effects of ETS hours after they
leave a smoky environment
 Carbon monoxide lingers in bloodstream 5 hours later

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights

Reserved. 14
14
INFANTS, CHILDREN, AND ETS
 Children exposed to ETS are more likely to have
 SIDs
 Low-birth weight
 Bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma
 Reduced lung function
 Middle-ear infections
 Lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis later in life

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights

Reserved. 15
15
SMOKING AND PREGNANCY
 Doubles risk of miscarriage
 Increases risk of ectopic pregnancy, premature birth, low birth
weight, infant death, behavioral problems, and long term
impairments in growth and intellectual development

© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights

Reserved. 16
16
SUBSTANCE USE
 Substance use refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including
alcohol and illicit drugs

 Drugs – Substances other than food that change the structure or function of the mind.

 Medicines –Drugs that are used to treat or prevent diseases and other conditions.
REACTION TO MEDICINES
 Tolerance – A person’s body becomes used to the effect of a medicine and
needs greater amounts of it to be effective.

 Side effect – Any reaction to a medicine other than the one intended.
 Ex.
 Upset Stomach
 Dizziness
 Drowsiness
TWO CATEGORIES OF DRUGS
1. Stimulants – Drugs that speed up the body’s functions.
Effects of Stimulants on the Body
- Speed up the central nervous system
- Cause your heart rate to increase
- Cause respiratory rates to increase
- Cause high blood pressure
STIMULANTS
 Caffeine – A mild stimulant found in coffee, pop, and tea.

Harsh Stimulants used to get “HIGH”

TWO CATEGORIES OF DRUGS
2. Depressants – Drugs that slow
down the body’s functions and
reactions.
Tranquilizers
ALCOHOL
 Defn: Alcohol is a drug that is Alcohol is a Depressant
produced by a chemical reaction in
fruits, vegetables, and grains.

 Depressant: A drug that slows

down the working of the brain and
other parts of the Nervous System
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
ALCOHOL
 FAS ( Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) – A
group of alcohol-related birth
defects that may include both
physical and mental problems.

 Drinking and Driving

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF
ALCOHOL
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF
ALCOHOL
EFFECTS ON THE FAMILY OF THE ABUSER

 Family unhappiness and

breakdown
 Financial problems – alcohol is
expensive
 Physical abuse of spouse or
children
 Bad example for children
 EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ABUSE ON SOCIETY

 Increase in crime
 Increase in road accidents
 More people absent from work
 Tax payers money used
treating abusers
ALCOHOLISM
 Defn: The physical and mental
need for alcohol turns into a
progressive and chronic disease.
 Alcoholics have two needs.
1. Physical- The body feels a
direct need for alcohol
2. Psychological- The mind sends
the body the message that it
needs more and more alcohol
HOW YOU CAN HELP.
What to do !!
1. Talk calmly with the drinker
about the effects of alcohol.
2. Tell the drinker how
concerned you are
3. Help the drinker to feel good
about quitting
4. Give the drinker information
about groups that can help
5. Encourage the drinker to get
help
What not to do !!
1. Do not argue with the
person
2. Do not make excuses to
other’s for the drinker’s
problem
3. Do not feel that you are
responsible for the
drinker’s action
4. Do not be afraid to seek
help for that person if he or
she won’t.
HOW TO QUIT SMOKING
 1. Cold turkey (no outside help). About
90% of people who try to quit smoking do
it without outside support -- no aids,
therapy, or medicine. Although most
people try to quit this way, it's not the
most successful method. Only about 5% to
7% are able to quit on their own.
 2. Behavioral therapy. This involves
working with a counselor to find ways not
to smoke. Together, you'll find your
triggers (such as emotions or situations
that make you want to smoke) and make a
plan to get through the cravings.
HOW TO QUIT SMOKING
 3. Nicotine replacement therapy. There  4. Medication. Bupropion and varenicline
are several types, including nicotine gum, (Chantix) are prescription medicines that
patches, inhalers, sprays, and lozenges. can help with your cravings and
They work by giving you nicotine without withdrawal symptoms.
the use of tobacco. You may be more
likely to quit with nicotine replacement
therapy, but it works best when you use it
with behavioral therapy and lots of
support from friends and family. And
remember that the goal is to end your
addiction to nicotine, not simply to quit
using tobacco.
HOW TO QUIT SMOKING
 3. Nicotine replacement therapy. There  4. Medication. Bupropion and varenicline
are several types, including nicotine gum, (Chantix) are prescription medicines that
patches, inhalers, sprays, and lozenges. can help with your cravings and
They work by giving you nicotine without withdrawal symptoms.
the use of tobacco. You may be more
likely to quit with nicotine replacement
therapy, but it works best when you use it
with behavioral therapy and lots of
support from friends and family. And
remember that the goal is to end your
addiction to nicotine, not simply to quit
using tobacco.
HOW TO QUIT SMOKING
 4. Medication. Bupropion and varenicline
(Chantix) are prescription medicines that
can help with your cravings and
withdrawal symptoms.
HOW TO QUIT SMOKING
 5. Combo treatments. You might be more likely to quit for good if you use a mix of different
methods. For example, using both a nicotine patch and gum may be better than a patch alone.
Other helpful combinations include behavioral therapy and nicotine replacement therapy;
prescription medication with a nicotine replacement therapy patch; and a nicotine replacement
therapy patch and nicotine spray. The FDA hasn’t approved using two types of nicotine
replacement therapies at the same time, so be sure to talk with your doctor first to see if this is
the right approach for you.your cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
KEEPING ON TRACK
 1. Know your triggers and avoid them early on. Write down the things that make you want to
reach for a cigarette and how you can manage each situation. And avoid people, places, or
routines that normally make you want to smoke, especially during the first 3 months. This is
when you're most likely to start smoking again.
 2. Know that the first few days are the toughest. You'll probably feel irritable, depressed, slow,
and tired, especially if you're quitting cold turkey. Have a quit-smoking support group available.
It can be a good friend or a quit line you can call. Once you get past those first days, you'll begin
to feel more normal (though you’ll still have cigarette cravings).
 3. Don't give in to your cravings. Every time you don't smoke when you have a craving, your
chances of quitting go up. Change your habits -- replace the urge to have a cigarette in your
mouth or hands with something else, like chewing gum or playing a game on your phone.
 4. Try a new hobby with friends who don't smoke. Do something that keeps your hands active
and reduces stress, like walking your dog. It will make success more likely.
 5. Reward yourself. What you are doing isn’t easy. When you hit milestones, treat yourself with
something you want or enjoy.