National unity tested by regional and

religious pressure
 Religion and regionalism- nature + purpose of state
 Poor governance raises their potency
 Politics raising thought of lack of justice between provinces
 Provincial autonomy and reciprocal obligation of fedral units
 Long rule of non-representative governments
 Competition due to scarce resources
 Influence of religion in politics
 Zia policies lead extremisim
 Afghan Taliban upraise
 TTP establishment- sucide attacks in pakistan
Transformational trends

 Domestic and external factors produced governance failures

 Economic and social changes of past 7 years- political dynamics
 Pakistan economy rise
 By 2000-07 economy rise= 6-7 % per year
 Size of economy doubled when per capita income increase from
 $527 in 2000 to $ 925 in 2007 (over $1250 in 2009)
 In PPP, per capita GDP reached $3000 per head of population
 Exports doubled in dollar terms
 Foreign direct investment come to record $7 billion in 2006 and remittances hit $7
billion in 2007.
 Economic surge of urbanization rose to 35% by 2007
 Urban population contribution to GDP reached 3 quarters of total
 This all is due to rise of middle class
 by 2008 size of middle class rise to 30 million
 earning about $10,000-$150000 in ppp terms
 Bigger than population 0f 85 countries
 It is endorsed by
 Ishrat husain
 Shahid javaid burki
growth of middle class in terms of
consumption
 b/w 2002- 2007, car and tv sale rise by 20% and 29% respectively
 By 2005 half of household have tv
 Mobile phone subscribers raise (1 million in 1999) to (70 million in 2007) and
(120 million in 2010)
 By 2006-2007 90% population has assess to telecom service and became high
teledensity country of region.
 Internet subscribers raises fourfolds, by 2006-07 (11% population internet user
higher than india
Rapid expansion of private sector media

 2008-09 118% inc in private media

 1999 (only one state owned mediachannel)
 By 2007 over 50 channels + 2 dozen news channels
 By 2010 over 100 channels
General mushraf era came to end

 US and UK helped to retain power

 Benazir return insisted by Mushraf
 Three reasons- The beginning of the end of mushraf era
 1. bloody assault in lal masjid
 2. resignation of chief justice Chaudhry ifthikhar
 3. state of emergency on 3 November
 His blunders and Benazir bhuttos assassination sealed mushraf era
 Mushraf gone but left some transformations
Zardari era

 Resisted to restore choudhary and judges

 Middle class uprise – two years movement’
 Zardari and sharif on same page
 Not only rise middle class but support pakistan secular principle against militancy
 Pakistan no more silent but raised for its goals
 Coaliation also signified phenomena: professional association and civil society
organization offer different paths to political engagement and activism against
other than traditional political parties.
Continuty- and change in post- mushraff
democratic ERA
 2008 elections – regional and ethnic parties dominance
 Top positions of pakistan to gillanis and qureshis
 Constituencies are delimited (old data and boundary demarcations)
 Clientlist politics focused on patronage rather than policy
 Middle class empowerment
 Media help to raise middle class
 Role of external factors