Long Term Evolution

Technology training
(Part 1)

1
 Outline

• LTE and SAE overview

• LTE radio interface architecture
• LTE radio access architecture
• LTE multiple antenna techniques

2
Part 1

LTE/SAE OVERVIEW

3
 Mobile broadband (3GPP)
Release Standardized Commercial Major features
• 3G continues to evolve
3GPP R99 1999 2000 •Bearer services
•64 kbit/s CS • Standardized through 3GPP
•384 kbit/s PS
•Location services • 3G gracefully evolves into 4G –
•Call services: compatible with GSM
starting from R7 and R8
3GPP R5 2002 2006 • IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
• IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN • Date rates
• Improvements in GERAN
•HSDPA – R99: 0.4Mbps UL, 0.4Mbps DL
3GPP R6 2004 2007 • Multimedia broadcast and multicast – R5: 0.4Mbps UL, 14Mbps DL
•Improvements in IMS – R6: 5.7Mbps UL, 14Mbps DL
•HSUPA
•Fractional DPCH – R7: 11Mbps UL, 28Mbps DL
– R8: 50Mbps UL on LTE, 160 Mbps
3GPP R7 2007 2008 •Enhanced L2
•64 QAM , MIMO DL on LTE, 42Mbps DL on HSPA
•VoIP over HSPA
•CPC - continuous packet connectivity • Two branches of the standards
•FRLC - Flexible RLC – HSPA : Gradual performance
3GPP R8 2008 2010 •DC-HSPA+ (Dual Cell HSPA+) improvements at lower incremental
•HSUPA 16QAM costs
3GPP R8 (LTE) 2008 2010 •New air interface (OFDM/SC-FDMA) – LTE: revolutionary changes with
•New core network significant performance
improvements (higher cost, first step
towards IMT advanced)

4
 LTE Releases
Release Standardized Commercial Major features

•Multi antenna support

•Channel dependent scheduling
3GPP R8 (LTE) 2008 2010 •Bandwidth flexibility
•ICIC (Intercell Interference Coordination)
•Hybrid ARQ
•FDD + TDD support

•Dual layer beam forming

3GPP R9 (LTE) 2009 •Network based UE positioning
•MBSFN (Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency Network)

•Multi antenna extension

3GPP R10 (LTE) 2010 •Relaying
LTE Advanced •Carrier aggregation
•Heterogeneous networks (HetNet’s)

• LTE – has an “evolution path” of its own

• Evolution is towards IMT-Advanced (LTE advanced)
• LTE advanced – spectral efficiency 30bps/Hz (DL), 15bps/Hz (UL)

5 Note: This presentation focuses on R8 features

 LTE requirements
• Outlined in 3GPP TR 29.913 • System performance
• Seven different areas – Baseline is HSPA Rel. 6
– Capabilities – Throughput specified at 5% and 50%
– System performance – Maximum performance for low mobility
users (0-15km/h)
– Deployment related aspects
– High performance up to 120 km/h
– Architecture and migration
– Maximum supported speed 500km/h
– Radio resource management
– Cell range up to 100km
– Complexity, and
– Spectral efficiency for broadcast 1 b/s/Hz
– General aspects
• Capabilities Throughput requirements relative to baseline
– DL data rate > 100 Mbps in 20 MHz
– UL data rate > 50 Mbps in 20MHz Performance DL target relative to UL target relative to
measure base line baseline
– Rate scales linearly with spectrum
Average throughput 3-4 times 2-3 times
– Latency user plane: 5ms (transmission of per MHz
small packet from UE to edge of RAN)
Cell edge user 2-3 times 2-3 times
– Latency control plane: transmission time throughput per MHz
from camped state – 100ms, transmission Spectrum efficiency 3-4 times 2-3 times
time from dormant state 50 ms (bit/sec/Hz)
– Support for 200 mobiles in 5MHz, 400
mobiles in more than 5MHz
6
 LTE requirements (2)
• Deployment related aspects
– LTE may be deployed as standalone or
together with WCDMA/HSPA and/or
GSM/GPRS
– Full mobility between different RANs
– Handover interruption time targets
specified
• Spectrum flexibility
– Both paired and unpaired bands
– IMT 2000 bands (co-existence with
WCDMA and GSM)
– Channel bandwidth from 1.4-20MHz

Handover interruption time

Non-real time Real time services
services (ms) (ms)
LTE to WCDMA 500 300

LTE to GSM 500 300

LTE duplexing options

7
 LTE requirements (3)
• Architecture and migration • Radio resource management
– Single RAN architecture – Support for enhanced end to end QoS
– RAN is fully packet based with support – Support for load sharing between different
for real time conversational class radio access technologies (RATs)
– RAN architecture should minimize • Complexity
“single points” of failure
– LTE should be less complex than
– RAN should simplify and reduce WCDMA/HSPA
number of interfaces
– Radio Network Layer and Transport
Network Layer interaction should not
be precluded in interest of performance
– QoS support should be provided for
various types of traffic

8
 SAE design targets
• SAE – Service Architecture Evolution
• SAE = core network
• Requirements placed into seven categories
– High level and operational aspects
– Basic capabilities
– Multi-access and seamless mobility
– Man-machine interface aspects
– Performance requirements for Evolved 3GPP system
– Security and privacy
– Charging aspects
• SAE requirements mainly non access related
(highlighted ones have impact on RAN)

9
 Basic principles – Air interface
• Downlink OFDM • Uplink DFTS-OFDM (SC-FDMA)
• OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency • DFTS = DFT spread OFDM
Division Multiplexing • SC-FDMA = Single carrier FDMA
• OFDM = Parallel transmission on • Advantages (all critical for UL)
multiple carriers – Signal has single carrier properties
• Advantages of OFDM – Low PAPR
– Avoid intra-cell interference – Similar hardware as OFDM
– Robust with respect to multi-path propagation – Reduced PA cost
and channel dispersion – Efficient power consumption
• Disadvantage of OFDM • Disadvantage
– High PAPR and lower power amplifier – Equalizer needed (not critical from UL)
efficiency

UL modulation

10 DL modulation
 Basic principles – Air interface
• Shared channel transmission One shared channel
– Only PS support simplifies the overall
signaling
– No CS services

• Fast channel dependent

scheduling
– Adaptation in time
– Adaptation in frequency
– Adaptation in code
Scheduler takes the
advantage of time-
frequency variations
of the channel

• Hybrid ARQ with soft combining

– Chain combining
– Incremental redundancy

ARQ reduces
11 required Eb/No
 Basic principles – air interface

• MIMO support Outline of spatial multiplexing

– MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output idea
– Use of multiple TX / RX antennas
– Three ways of utilizing MIMO
• RX diversity/TX diversity
• Beam forming
• Spatial multiplexing (MIMO with space time
coding)
– MIMO transmission in Rayleigh fading
environment increases theoretical
capacity by a factor equal to number of
independent TX RX paths Note: Rayleigh fading de-correlates
– As a minimum LTE mobiles have two the paths and provides multiple
antennas (possibly four) uncorrelated channels

12
 Basic principles – air interface
• ICIC – Inter-cell interference
coordination
• LTE affected by inter-cell
interference (more than HSDPA)
• In LTE interference avoidance
becomes scheduling problem
• By managing resources across
multiple cells inter-cell
interference may be reduced
• Standard supports exchange of
interference indicators between
the cells

One possible
implementation of ICIC. Cell
edge implements N=3. Cell
interior implements N=1.

13
 SAE-Architecture
• SAE – flat architecture
– Core network, LTE Network layout
– RAN
• RAN consist of single elements:
eNode B
– Single element simplifies RAN
– No single point of failure
• Core network provides two planes
– User plane (through SGSN)
– Control plane (through MME)
• Interfaces
– S1-UP (eNode B to SGSN)
– S1-CP (eNode B to MME)
– X2 between two eNode Bs (required for
handover)
– Uu (UE to eNode B) UE – user equipment (i.e. mobile)
eNode B – base station
SGSN – Support GPRS Serving Node
GGSN – Gateway GPRS Serving Node
SAE = System Architecture Evaluation MME – Mobility Management Entity
PCRF - Policy and Charging Rules function
14
 LTE protocol-control plane

NAS – Non Access Stratum S1-AP – S1 Application

RRC – Radio Resource Control SCTP – Stream Control Transmission Prot.
PDCP – Packet Data Convergence Protocol IP – Internet Protocol
RLC – Radio Link Control
MAC – Medium Access Control Note: LTE control plane is almost the
same as WCDMA (PDCP did not exist in
15
WCDMA control plane)
 LTE protocol- user plane

PDCP – Packet Data Convergence Protocol GTP-U - GPRS Tunneling Protocol

RLC – Radio Link Control
MAC – Medium Access Control
16
Note: LTE user plane is identical to UMTS PS
side. There is no CS in LTE – user plane is
simplified.
 LTE protocol – X2
• Connects all eNodeB’s that are
supporting end user active
mobility (handover)
• Supports both user plane and
control plane
• Control plane – signaling
required for handover execution Control plane
• User plane – packet forwarding
during handover

GTP-U: GPRS tunneling protocol

STCP: Stream Transmission Control Protocol

User plane
17
 Channel structure
• Channels – defined on Uu

• Logical channels
– Formed by RLC
– Characterized by type of information

• Transport channels
– Formed by MAC
– Characterized by how the data are
organized

• Physical channels
– Formed by PHY
– Consist of a group of assignable radio
resource elements
Uu interface

18 Note: LTE defines same types of channels as WCDMA/HSPA

 LTE - channel mapping

19
 Logical channels
• BCCH – Broadcast Control CH
– System information sent to all UEs
• PCCH – Paging Control CH
– Paging information when addressing UE
• CCCH – Common Control CH
– Access information during call establishment
• DCCH – Dedicated Control CH
– User specific signaling and control
• DTCH – Dedicated Traffic CH
– User data
• MCCH – Multicast Control CH
– Signaling for multi-cast
• MTCH – Multicast Traffic CH
– Multicast data

Red – common, green – shared, blue - dedicated LTE Channels

20
 Transport channels
• BCH – Broadcast CH
– Transport for BCCH
• PCH – Paging CH
– Transport for PCH
• DL-SCH – Downlink Shared CH
– Transport of user data and signaling.
Used by many logical channels
• MCH – Multicast channel
– Used for multicast transmission
• UL-SCH – Uplink Shared CH
– Transport for user data and signaling
• RACH – Random Access CH
– Used for UE’s accessing the network

Red – common, green – shared

LTE Channels
21
 PHY Channels
• PDSCH – Physical DL Shared CH
– Uni-cast transmission and paging
• PBCH – Physical Broadcast CH
– Broadcast information necessary for accessing the network
• PMCH – Physical Multicast Channel
– Data and signaling for multicast
• PDCCH – Physical Downlink Control CH
– Carries mainly scheduling information
• PHICH – Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator
– Reports status of Hybrid ARQ
• PCIFIC – Physical Control Format Indicator
– Information required by UE so that PDSCH can be
demodulated (format of PDSCH)
• PUSCH – Physical Uplink Shared Channel
– Uplink user data and signaling
• PUCCH – Physical Uplink Control Channel
– Reports Hybrid ARQ acknowledgements
• PRACH – Physical Random Access Channel
– Used for random access
LTE Channels
22 Red – common, green – shared
 Time domain structure
• Two time domain structures
– Type 1: used for FDD transmission (may be full duplex or half duplex)
– Type 2: used for TDD transmission
• Both Type 1 and Type 2 are based on 10ms radio frame

Radio frame :
Type 1

Radio frame :
Type 2

23
 TDD frame configurations
• Different configurations
allow balancing between
DL and UL capacity
• Allocation is semi-static
• Adjacent cells have same
allocation
• Transition DL->UL
happens in the second
subframe of each half-
frame

Note: TDD frame

structure allows co-
existence between LTE
TDD and TD-SCDMA

24
 Allocatable resources
• LTE – radio resource = “time-frequency chunk”
Resource Block (RB) = 12
carriers in one TS
(12*15KHz x 0.5ms)

• Time domain
 1 frame = 10 sub-frames
 1 subframe = 2 slots
 1 slot = 7 (or 6) OFDM
symbols
• Frequency domain
 1 OFDM carrier = 15KHz

Note: In LTE resource management is along

25 three dimensions: Time, Frequency, Code
 Bandwidth flexibility
• LTE supports deployment from 6RBs to 110 RBs in 1 RB increments
• 6RBs = 6 x 12 x 15KHz = 1080KHz -> 1.4MHz (with guard band)
• 110RBs = 110 X 12 X 15KHz = 19800KHz -> 20MHz (with guard band)
• Typical deployment channel bandwidths: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
• Straight forward to support other channel bandwidths (due to OFDM)

• UE needs to support up to the largest bandwidth (i.e. 20MHz)

26
 UE States
• UE may be in three states
– Detached: not connected to the network
– Idle: attached to the network but not active Note: Both the UE states and UE
– Connected: attached and active tracking are simpler than in UMTS
• UE tracking
– Detached state: UE position unknown
– Idle state: UE position know with the Tracking Area (TA) resolution
– Connected: UE location known to the eNodeB resolution

27
 3GPP Specifications
• All 3GPP specs are available at http://www.3gpp.org
– RAN 1 36.2xx series PHY layer
– RAN2 36.3xx series Layers 2 and 3
– RAN3 36.4xx series S1 and X2 interfaces
– RAN4 36.1xx series Core performance requirements
– RAN5 36. 5xx series Terminal conformance testing

Example specs organization

28
 Section review
1. What are 3GPP broadband 9. What is Radio Block (RB)?
cellular technologies? 10. What are spectrum bandwidth
2. What releases of 3GPP standard deployment options for LTE?
contains LTE? 11. How many radio blocks are in
3. What were target DL and UL 20MHz deployment?
throughputs for LTE? 12. Does LTE support TDD
4. What does SAE stand for? deployment?
5. What are components of the CS 13. What are three UE States
part of the LTE core network? supported by LTE?
6. What is the access scheme used
on the DL?
7. What is the role of fast scheduler
on LTE DL?
8. What is the smallest allocateable
resource in LTE DL?

29
Part 2

LTE RADIO ACCESS

30
 Overview
• Overview of OFDM/OFDMA
• LTE Downlink transmission
• Overview of DFTS-OFDM
• LTE Uplink transmission
• Multi-antenna transmission

31
 Single carrier transmission
• Data are used to modulate amplitude/phase (frequency) of a single carrier
• Higher data rate results in wider bandwidth
• Over larger bandwidths ( > 20KHz), wireless channel is frequency selective
• As a result of frequency selectivity the received signal is severely distorted
• Channel equalization needed
• Complexity of equalizer increases rapidly with the signal bandwidth requirements

Transmission of single
carrier in mobile
terrestrial environment

Note: over small

portion of the signal
spectrum, fading
may be seen as flat
32
 Multi-carrier transmission
• Channel fading over smaller frequency bands – flat (no need for equalizer)
• Divide high rate input data stream into many low rate parallel streams
• At the receiver – aggregate low data rate streams

Signal for each

stream experiences
flat fading

33
 FDM versus OFDM
• OFDMA minimizes separation between
carriers
• Carriers are selected so that they are
orthogonal over symbol interval
• Carrier orthogonality leads to frequency
domain spacing Df=1/T, where T is the
symbol time
• In LTE carrier spacing is 15KHz and
useful part of the symbol is 66.7 microsec

Note: orthogonality between

carriers in time domain allows
closer spacing in frequency
domain.

34 FDM versus OFDM

 OFDM transmitter/receiver
• Practically OFDM TX/RX is implemented using IFFT/FFT
• Use of the IFFT/FFT at the baseband means that there is no need for
separate oscillators for each of the OFDM carriers
• FFT (IFFT) hardware is readily available – TX/RX implementation is simple

35
 Guard time
• Duration of the OFDM symbol is chosen to be much longer than the multi-path
delay spread
• Long symbols imply low rate on individual OFDM carriers
• In multipath environment long symbol minimizes the effect of channel delay spread
• To make sure that there is no ISI between OFDM symbols – guard time is inserted

OFDM symbols without guard time OFDM symbols with guard time
36
 Cyclic prefix
• Guard time eliminates ISI between OFDM symbols
• Multipath propagation degrades orthogonality between carriers within an
OFDMS symbol
• To regain the orthogonality between subcarriers – cyclic prefix is used
• Cyclic prefix fills in the guard time between the OFDM symbols

37
 Block diagram of full OFDM TX/RX
• LTE supports numerous AMC schemes
• AMC adds additional level of adaptation to the RF channel
• Size of CP depends on the amount of dispersion in the channel
• Two CP are used: normal (4.7 us) and extended (16.7 us)

38
 OFDMA time-frequency scheduling
• Minimum allocateable resource in
LTE is Resource Block pair
• Resource block pair is 12 carriers
wide in frequency domain and lasts
for two time slots (1ms)
• Depending on the length of cyclic
prefix RB pair may have 14 or 12
OFDM symbols
• PHY channels consist of certain
number of allocated RB pairs
• Overhead channels are typically in a
predetermined location in time
frequency domain
• Within a RB different AMC scheme
may be used
• Allocation of the radio block is done
by scheduler at eNode B

39
Part 3

LTE DOWNLINK TRANSMISSION

40
 LTE OFDM
Parameter Value
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Frame /subframe
10/1 ms
duration
Subcarrier spacing 15KHz
Useful symbol part 66.7us
FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100
Number of used
subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

Cyclic prefix length Normal: 5.1us for first symbol in a slot and 4.7us for other symbols , Extended: 16.7us
OFDM symbols /slot 7 (normal CP), 6 (extended CP)
Error coding 1/3 convolutional (signaling); 1/3 turbo (data)

Basic timing unit: Ts = 1/(2048 x 15000) ~ 23.552 ns

41
 Detailed time domain structure

Need for two different CP:

1. To accommodate environments
with large channel dispersion
2. To accommodate MBSFN (Multi-
Cast Broadcast Single Frequency
Network) transmission

In case of MBSFN it may be

beneficial to have mixture of
sub-frames with normal CP and
extended CP. Extended CP is
used for MBSFN sub-frames
TCP: 160Ts (5.1us) for first symbol, 144Ts (4.7us) for
other six symbols
TCP-e: 512 Ts (16.7 us) for all symbols

42
 Exercise – OFDM data rate capability at
the PHY
Case 1. Normal CP (no MIMO)
Resource block: 12 carriers x 14 OFDM symbols = 168 resource elements
Each resource element carries one modulation symbol
For 64 QAM: 1 symbol = 6 bits
Number of bits per subframe = 168 x 6 = 1008 bits/subframe
Raw PHY data rate = 1008/1ms = 1,008,000 bits/sec/resource block (180KHz)
For 20MHz, Raw PHY data rate = 100 RB x 1,008,000 bits/sec/RB = 100.8Mbps
Case 2. Extended CP (no MIMO)
Resource block: 12 carriers x 12 OFDM symbols = 144 resource elements
Each resource element carries one modulation symbol
For 64 QAM: 1 symbol = 6 bits
Number of bits per subframe = 144 x 6 = 864 bits/subframe
Raw PHY data rate = 864/1ms = 864,000 bits/sec/resource block (180KHz)
For 20MHz, Raw PHY data rate = 100 RB x 864,000 bits/sec/RB = 86.4Mbps

Note: with the use of MIMO the rates are increased

43
 Downlink reference signals
• For coherent demodulation – terminal needs channel estimate for each subcarrier
• Reference signals – used for channel estimation
• There are three type of reference signals

1. Cell specific DL reference signals

– Every DL subframe
– Across entire DL bandwidth
2. UE specific DL reference signals
– Sent only on DL-SCH
– Intended for individual UE’s
3. MBSFN reference signals
– Support multicast/broadcast

Note: Reference signals are staggered in time

and frequency. This allows UE to perform 2-D
complex interpolation of channel time-
frequency response
44
 Cell specific reference signals
Two port TX
• DL transmission may use up to four antennas
• Each antenna port has its own pattern of reference signals
• Reference signals are transmitted at higher power in multi-
antenna case
• Reference signals introduce overhead
– 4.8% for 1 antenna port
– 9.5% for 2 antenna ports
– 14.3 % for 4 antenna ports Four port TX
• Reference symbols vary from position to position and
from cell to cell – cell specific 2 dimensional sequence
• Period of the sequence is one frame

One port TX

45
 Cell specific reference signals (2)
• There are 504 different Reference Sequences (RS)
• They are linked to PHY-layer cell identities
• The sequence may be shifted in frequency domain – 6 possible shifts
• Each shift is associated with 84 different cell identities (6 x 84 = 504)
• Shifts are introduced to avoid collision between RS of adjacent cells
• In case of multiple antenna ports – only three shifts are useful
• For a given PHY Cell ID - sequence is the same regardless of the bandwidth used –
UE can demodulate middle RBs in the same way for all channel bandwidths

Shifts for
single port
transmission

46
 UE Specific RS
• UE specific RS – used for beam forming
• Provided in addition to cell specific RS
• Sent over resource block allocated for DL-SCH (applicable only
for data transmission)

Note: additional reference signals

increase overhead. One of the most
beneficial use of beam forming is at the
cell edge – improves SNR

47
 PHY channels supporting DL TX
• SCH – allows mobile to synchronize
to the DL TX during acquisition
• PBCH – used to broadcast static
portion of the BCCH
• PDSCH – carries user information
and signaling from upper layers of
protocol stack
• PDCCH – channel used by MAC
scheduler to configure L1/L2 and
assign resources (DL scheduling
and UL grants)
• PCFICH – explains to the UE the
format of the DL transmission
• PHICH – support for HARQ on the
uplink
• PUCCH – support for HARQ on the Channels required for DL
downlink transmission
48
 Summary of PHY DL channels
L1/L2 signaling
L1/L2 Control Coding scheme PHY Channel Modulation

CFI (Channel format Block code R=1/16 PCFICH QPSK

Indicator)
HI (HARQ information) Repetition 1/3 PHICH BPSK

DCI (Downlink control Convolutional 1/3 with PDCCH QPSK

Information) rate matching

Services to upper layers

Transport channel Coding scheme PHY Channel Modulation

DL-SCH Turbo 1/3 PDSCH QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM

BCH Convolutional 1/3 PBCH QPSK

PCH Turbo 1/3 PDSCH QPSK

MCH Turbo 1/3 PMCH QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM

49
 Downlink L1/L2 signaling
• Signaling that supports DL transmission
• Originates at L1/L2 (no higher layer data
or messaging)
• Consists of
– Scheduling assignments and associated
information required for demodulation and
decoding of DL-SCH
– Uplink scheduling grants for UL-SCH
– HARQ acknowledgements
– Power control commands
• L1/L2 signaling is transmitting in first 1-3
symbols of a subframe – control region
• Size of control region may vary
dynamically – always whole number of
OFDM symbols (1,2,3)
• Signaling – beginning of the subframe
– Reduces delay for scheduled mobiles Three different PHY channel types
– Improves power consumption for non-scheduled
mobiles 1. PCFIC (PHY Control Format Indicator Channel)
2. PHICH (PHY – Hybrid ARQ Channel)
50 3. PDCCH (PHY Downlink Control Channel)
 PCFICH
• PCFICH – PHY Channel Format Indicator Channel
• Indicates to UE the size of the control region (1,2 or 3 OFDM symbols)
• PCFICH value may be 1, 2 or 3 (0 is reserved for future use)
• Decoding of PCFICH is essential for UE operation
– Encoded with 1/16 repetition code
– Uses QPSK modulation
– Mapped to the first symbol of each subframe
– 16 resource elements in 4 groups of 4 (RE Groups)
– Location of the resource elements depends on cell identity

Processing of PCFICH

Note: REGs of the PCFICH are spread in frequency

51 domain to achieve frequency diversity
 PHICH
• PHICH = PHY Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel
• HARQ acknowledgements for UL-SCH transmission
• As many PHICH channels as the number of UEs in the cell
• A set of PHICH channels is multiplexed on the same resource elements (8 normal
CP, 4 extended CP)
• Transmitted in the first OFDM symbol of the subframe
• Occupies 3 resource element groups (REGs) = 12 resource elements (RE)
• PHICH response comes 4 sub-frames after PU-SCH

Processing of
PHICH
52
 PDCCH
• PDCCH = Physical Downlink Control Channel
• Used for
– DL scheduling assignments
– UL scheduling grants
– Power control commands
• PDCCH message occupies 1,2,4 or 8 Control Channel Elements (CCEs)
• CCE = 9 Resource Element groups (REGs) = 36 Resource Elements (REs)
• One PDCCH carrier one message with a specific Downlink Control Information (DCI)
• Multiple UE-s scheduled simultaneously -> Multiple PDCCH transmissions in a subframe

53
 PDCCH DCIs
• PDCCH carrier Downlink Control Information (DCI)
• Multiple DCI formats are defined based on type of information
DCI formats of PDCCH
Format Purpose Content # of bits (FDD)
0 UL PUSCH grant RB assignment, MCS, hopping flag, NDI, cyclic shift of DM-RS, CQI, 44
…
1 DL PDSCH grant for single code Resource allocation header, RB allocation, MCS, HARQ, HARQ PID, 55
word …
1A Compact DL PDSCH grant of single Similar to format 1, but with smaller flexibility 44
code word
1A RACH initiated by PDCCH order Localized/distributed VRB assignment flag, preamble index, PRACH 44
message mask index
1B Compact DL PDSCH grant with Similar to 1, but with distributed VRB flag, reduced RB allocation 49
pre-coding information flexibility, transmit PMI and pre-coding
1C Very compact DL PDSCH grant Reduced payload for improved coverage, always uses QPSK on 31
associated PDSCH, restricted RB assignment, No HARQ, …
1D Compact DL PDSCH grant with Same as 1, but with reduced RB allocation flexibility and addition of 49
pre-coding information and distributed VRB transmission flag. Transmit PMI information for
power offset pre-coding, DL power offset
2 MIMO DL grant Same as 1, but for MIMO transmission 76
2A Compact MIMO DL grant Same as 1A, but for MIMO transmission 68
3 2-bit UL power control TPC for 14 UEs plus 16 bit CRC 44
3A 1-bit UL power control TPC for 28 UEs plus 16 bit CRC 44

54
 PDSCH

• DL-SCH = DL Shared channel

• Used for user data coming from upper
layers (both signaling and payload)
• Optimized for low latency and high data rate
• Individual steps in the processing chain
operate on data blocks – enables parallel
processing
• Many different adaptation modes
– Modulation
– Coding
– Transport block size
– Antenna mapping (TX diversity, beam forming,
spatial multiplexing)

55
 Time/Frequency location of PBCH and
SS - FDD

• PBCH = Physical Broadcast

Channel
– Used for BCH transport channel
• SS = Synchronization Signal
– P-SS = Primary Synchronization
Signal
– S-SS = Secondary
Synchronization Signal
– SS are used only on Layer 1 – for
system acquisition and Layer 1
cell identity

Note: PBCH and SS use innermost part of the

spectrum. This way the system acquisition is the same
56 regardless of deployed bandwidth
 Time/Frequency location of PBCH and
SS - TDD

• PBCH = Physical Broadcast

Channel
– Used for BCH transport channel
• SS = Synchronization Signal
– P-SS = Primary Synchronization
Signal
– S-SS = Secondary
Synchronization Signal
– SS are used only on Layer 1 – for
system acquisition and Layer 1
cell identity
Note: The position of the P-SS is different in TDD and
FDD. By acquiring P-SS, the UE already knows if the
57
system is FDD or TDD.
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
• SCH – first channel acquired by UE
• Based on SCH, UE determines eNode B PHY cell identity
• 504 possible PHY layer cell IDs
• 168 groups with 3 identities per group
• SCH consist of 2 signals
– PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)
– SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal)
• 3 possible PSS sequences: NID(2) = 0,1, 2
• 168 possible SSS sequences: NID(1) = 0,1, …, 167
• Cell ID: NIDcell = 3* NID(1) + NID(2)

For FDD (frame type 1)

• PSS is transmitted on OFDM symbol 7 in the first time slot of subframe 0 and 5
• SSS is transmitted on OFDM symbol 6 in the first time slot of subframe 0 and 5
For TDD (frame type 2)
• PSS is transmitted on OFDM symbol 3 in the first time slot of subframe 1 and 6
• SSS is transmitted on OFDM symbol 6 in the first time slot of subframe 0 and 5
58
 PBCH
• PBCH = PHY Broadcast Channel
• PBCH provides PHY channel for static part
of Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
• BCCH carriers RRC System Information
(SI) messages
• SI messages carry System Information
Blocks (SIBs)
• SI-M is a special SI that carrier Master
Information Block (MIB)

• In LTE BCCH is split into two parts

– Primary broadcast: Carriers MIB and provides UE
with fast access to vital system broadcast
information. Primary broadcast is mapped to PBCH
– Dynamic broadcast: Carries all SIBs that contain Mapping of the BCCH
quasi-static information on system operating information
parameters. Dynamic broadcast is mapped to
PDSCH

59
 PCH
• PCH = Paging Channel
• Transmitted over PDSCH (messages), PDCCH (paging indicator)
• LTE support DRX (UE sleeps between paging occasions)
– LTE defines DRX cycle
– UE is assigned to P-RNTI (Paging – Radio Network Temporary Identifier)
– P-RNTI is set on PDCCH
– UE that finds set P-RNTI reads PCH on PDSCH to determine if it is being paged
• DRX cycle compromise
– Long cycle: good battery life, higher paging delay
– Short cycle: faster paging response, shorter UE battery life

DRX and Mapping

paging of PCCH

60
 Section review
1. Explain the main idea behind
OFDM?
2. How is OFDMA different from
FDMA?
3. What is the role of cyclic prefix
(CP) in OFDM?
4. What are DL reference signals?
5. How are cell specific reference
signals linked to cell’s physical
identity?
6. What is the role of PCFICH?
7. What is the role of PHICH?
8. What is the channel used for user
data and higher layer signaling?
9. What is SCH?
10. What portion of the time-frequency
resources is occupied by SCH?
11. What is the duration of LTE
frame?
12. How many subframe are in LTE
frame?
13. What is the time duration of one
LTE time slot?

61
 DFTS-OFDM
• DFTS-OFDM = DFT Spread OFDM
• Also known as s Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
• Used on RL of LTE
• Advantages:
– Lower PAPR than OFDM (4dB for QPSK and 2dB for 16-QAM)
– Orthogonality between the users in the same cell
– Low complexity TX/RX due to DFT/FFT
• Disadvantage:
– Needs an equalizer at the Node B RX
– Need for some synchronization in time domain
Note: In DFTS-OFDM, M < N

Outline of the
DFTS-OFDM

62
 DFTS-OFDM TX/RX chain

Note: the TX/RX of DFTS-OFDM is almost the same as OFDM. The DFT pre-
coding / decoding and equalization are done in software
63
 Uplink user multiplexing
• Two ways of mapping the output of the DFT
– Consecutive carriers: Localized DTFS-OFDM
– Distributed carriers: Distributed DTFS-OFDM
• Distributed OFDM has benefit of frequency diversity

Note 1: Mapping between

output of the OFDM and
carriers is performed by MAC
scheduler
Note 2: Spectrum bandwidth
may be allocated in dynamic
fashion

Localized DFTS-OFDM Distributed DFTS-OFDM

64
 Uplink frame format

Need for two different CP:

1. To accommodate environments
with large channel dispersion
2. To accommodate MBSFN (Multi-
Cast Broadcast Single Frequency
Network) transmission

Note: UL and DL frame formats are

identical

TCP: 160Ts (5.1us) for first symbol, 144Ts (4.7us) for

other six symbols
TCP-e: 512 Ts (16.7 us) for all symbols

65
 PHY channels supporting UL TX

• PRACH – initial random access and

UL timing alignment
• PUSCH – channel used for
transmission of user data and upper
layer signaling
• PUCCH – uplink control channel
used for scheduling requests for
synchronized UEs
• PDCCH – uplink scheduling grants
• PHICH – HARQ feedback channel
supporting UL transmission

66
 Uplink reference signals (1)

• Used for uplink channel estimation

• Two types of sequences
– Data demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS)
– Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
• DM-RS
– Sent on each slot transmission to help
demodulate data
– Occupies center part of the slot transmission
(symbols 4) in both transmission slots
– Use same bandwidth as the UL data (multiples
of 12 carrier RBs)
– Properties of DM-RS sequences
• Small power variations in frequency domain
• Small power variations in time domain

67
 Uplink reference signals (2)

• SRS
– Allow network to estimate channel quality
across entire band
– Used by MAC scheduler to perform
frequency dependent scheduling
– Optional implementation
– UE can be configured to send SRS
sequence at time intervals from 2ms to
160ms
– Two modes of operation
• Wideband SRS – UE send the sequence across
the entire spectrum
• Hopping SRS – UE sends narrowband
sequence that hops across different parts of the
spectrum

68
 PUSCH

• PUSCH = PHY Shared channel

• PUSCH carries UL-SCH (user data/higher Example: 2 UE’s, 10MHz (50 RB)
layer signaling)
• During data transmission L1/L2 signaling also
mapped o PUSCH – preserve single carrier TX
• Resources allocated to the UE on per
subframe basis
• Allocation is done in PRB (12 carriers by 1 ms)
• Modulation used may be QPSK, 16-QAM or
64-QAM (optional)
• Allocated PRBs may be hopped from subframe
to subframe
• Two modes of hopping
– Intra subframe and inter subframe
– Only inter subframe
• Hopping may be on the basis of explicit grants
from Node B or following predefined cell- Note: Frequency hopping provides
specific mirroring patterns
frequency diversity and interference
69 averaging for the UL transmission
 PUCCH
• PUCCH = PHY Uplink Control Channel
• Used for L1/L2 signaling
– Scheduling request
– ACK/NACK/DTX for DL-SCH transmission
– Feedback on DL channel quality (CQI/PMI/RI)
• Used only when there is no scheduled
PUSCH transmission (single carrier TX)
• Uses PRBs at the very end of the
allocated channel bandwidth
– Increases frequency diversity
– Allows scheduling of larger resource “chunks” for
uplink transmission
• Number of PRBs is configured by the
network in a semi-static manner
• Bandwidth of a single resource block in a
subframe is shared by several UE’s
– Economical use of allocated resources
– Reduces signaling overhead Note: PUCCH performs frequency
hopping between two slots of a
70 subframe
 PUCCH formats

PUCCH format Modulation Purpose Bits/subframe

1 On/off keying Scheduling requests N/A
1a BPSK ACK/NACK for SIMO 1
1b QPSK ACK/NACK for MIMO 2
2 QPSK CQI/PMI/RI 20
2a QPSK+BPSK CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NACK for 21
SIMO
2b QPSK+QPSK CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NACK for 22
MIMO

Note 1: There are 2 formats: Format 1 (1, 1a and 1b) and Format 2 (2, 2a and 2b)
Note 2: PUCCH power offset depends on the PUCCH format

71
 PUCCH – Format 1
• Small in size (1 or 2 bits)
• Used for
– DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
– Scheduling request
72
• By using different cyclic shifts and
different covers sequences, multiple
users may be multiplexed on the same
PUCCH resource
• Typically there are 6 shifts and 3 cover
sequences – 18 UE’s per PUCHH
resource
Note: Format 1 is
repeated in two
corresponding slots
in the subframe
 PUCCH – Format 2
• Larger in size (20, 21 or 22 bits)
− 10 bits for CQI report
− 2 bits for ACK/NACK
• Used for
– DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
– Scheduling request
– CQI/PMI and RI information

• By using different cyclic shifts of

the CAZAC sequence multiple
UE’s may be multiplexed on one
PUCCH resource
• Format 1 and 2 share the same
basic format

Note: for Format 2, both CQI report Processing of CQI

and ACK/NACK information are sent report

73
 PRACH
• PRACH = PHY Random Access Channel
• Physical channel used in support of random
access
• In LTE initial access is handled only on PHY, all
the signaling is sent through UL-SCH (PUSCH)
• PRACH carries one of 64 preambles
• Available preambles are signaled in SIB-2
• UE selects a preamble based on the amount of
data it needs to send on UL-SCH (this way Node
B knows how to reserve resources)
• PRACH preamble is sent over PRACH time
frequency resource
– Occupies middle 1.08MHz of spectrum
– Same spectrum regardless of total LTE bandwidth
– PRACH access subframe may occur every 1, 2, 5, 10 or
20 ms (20 ms – optional, only in synchronized networks)
– Subframe allowed for access – signaled on SIB-2,
paremeter PRACH_Configuration index UL time frequency resources
74
for PRACH
 Section review
1. Why is OFDM not suitable for UL 10. What information is carried on
transmission? PUCCH?
2. What is PAPR? 11. What is PRACH?
3. What is DFTS-OFDM? 12. How does UE learn what
4. What are two types of UL preamble sequences are available
reference signals? for PRACH?
5. Why is there need for sounding
reference signals?
6. How often can a mobile configured
to send SRS signals?
7. What is PUSCH?
8. What is PUCCH?
9. What are PUCCH formats?

75
Part 3

MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES

76
 Multi antenna configuration
• LTE uses of multiple antennas at Downlink MIMO
both communication ends
• LTE standard requires support for
– 4 antennas at the eNodeB
– 2 antennas at the UE
• Multiple antennas may be used in
three principle ways
– Reception/transmission diversity
– Beam forming
– Spatial multiplexing (MIMO antenna
processing)
• Downlink MIMO
– TX diversity Uplink MIMO
– Beam forming or SDMA
– Spatial multiplexing
• Uplink MIMO Note: UL MU MIMO
– Multi user MIMO (SDMA) avoids use of multiple
PAs at the UE
77
 DL transmit diversity
• Two implementations
– Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
– Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD)
• CDD
– Multiple antenna elements are used to
introduce additional versions of the
signal that are cyclically delayed
– UE perceives these signals as
additional multi-paths CDD TX diversity
– Assuming low correlations between TX
antennas –created “multi-paths” fade
independently – source of diversity
• STTD
– Uses Space-Frequency Block Codes
– Special encoding (SFBC) makes the
channel matrix unitary (full rank)
– Reference symbols are used to
estimate and invert channel matrix
SFBC TX diversity
78
 TX Diversity - CDD
• OFDM is robust with respect
to multi-path propagation
(within CP interval)
• CDD simulates multi-path
propagation
• No modification in RX signal
processing – UE ‘sees’ single
antenna transmission in
dispersive environment

Note: Extension of CDD to more

than 2 antennas is straightforward.
Each antenna has its own cyclic
delay.

79 Processing in case of 2 antenna CDD TX diversity

 TX Diversity – 2 TX SFBC
• Data sent to different antenna are encoded using SFBC
– 2 symbols at the time for 2 antennas TX diversity
– Open loop

SFBC in case of 2 TX
diversity
 r2 n   h1  h2   a2 n 
r   h* *  * 
h1  a2 n 1 
 Hs n
 2 n 1   2
Note 1: UE needs to have good estimate of
the channel – estimate obtained using PHY
1  h1* h2   r2 n 
sˆn  2 2  *   reference sequences
h1  h2  h2 h1  r2 n 1 
80
 TX Diversity – 4 TX SFBC
• Data sent to different antenna are encoded using SFBC
– 4 symbols at the time for 4 antennas TX diversity
– TX diversity operates on a resource element group (REG)
– Open loop

SFBC in case of 4 TX
diversity

Note 1: 4 TX SFBC diversity may be seen as

two 2 TX SFBC diversity transmissions
multiplexed in time

81
 Spatial multiplexing
• Basic idea: fading channel Capacity benefit of SM MIMO
provides uncorrelated parallel
paths for data transmission C  N S
 N L log 2 1  R  
BW  NL N 
N L  min  N T , N R 

NT - number of TX antennas
NR - number of RX antennas
12.00

Spectral efficiency (bps/Hz)

10.00

Example: 2 by 2 8.00

6.00
h h12   s1   n1  C/W (1,1)
r   11      4.00 C/W (1,2)

h21 h22   s2  n2 

C/W (2,2)
2.00

 sˆ1  ˆ 1r   s1   Hˆ 1n

0.00

 sˆ   Wr  H s 
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

82
 2  2 S/N (dB)
 Spatial multiplexing in LTE
• Two types
– Open loop (used high speed scenarios)
• Large delay Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
– Closed loop (used in low speed scenarios)
• Mobile provides channel feedback to eNode B

Feedback Closed loop spatial multiplexing Open loop spatial multiplexing

No feedback from UE. Fixed pre-coding at
PMI (Pre-coded PMI feedback from UE based on instantaneous
matrix indicator) channel state eNode B implementing cyclic delay diversity
(CDD)
CQI (Channel quality
indicator) Separate CQI for each code word Aggregate CQI (one value)

Based on the rank of estimated channel matrix Based on the rank of estimated channel matrix
RI (Rank indicator) (indicates number of spatial channels) when SFBCs are used

Closed loop
spatial
multiplexing
83
 Code word – layer mapping
• LTE uses either 1 or 2 code words
Mapping between code-words and
• Code words are mapped onto layers layers
– 1 layer for 1 codeword
– 2, 3 or 4 layers for 2 code words
• Number of modulation symbols in
each layer is the same
– Accomplished through numerous
transport-block formats and sizes
• Through a pre-coding matrix the
layers are mapped onto the antennas
– There is a set of pre-defined pre-coded
matrices
– Through PMI, UE recommends to eNodeB
which pre-coded matrix to use
– eNodeB may not follow UE’s
recommendation – informs UE about pre-
coding matrix through explicit signaling
Note: layers are mapped to
antennas one symbol at the time
84
 Antenna configurations

Transmission
modes Description Comments

1 Single antenna (Port 0) Used for SISO and SIMO transmission

2 Transmit diversity Used in low SNR and high mobility

Open loop spatial multiplexing Beneficial in high SNR and rich
3 (large delay CDD) multipath environment

4 Closed loop spatial multiplexing Beneficial in high SNR and rich

(Rank 2, 3 or4) multipath environment
Beneficial in high SNR environment for
5 Multi-user MIMO interference reduction
6 Closed loop Rank = 1 Beneficial in low SNR environments

7 Single antenna port (Port 5) Used for beam forming of antenna

arrays

85
 SIMO/MIMO mode selection

Note: Detection of the environment

type and best use of MIMO/SIMO is
one of the tasks for scheduler –
major differentiating factor between
different equipment vendors

86
 Section review
1. What is MIMO? 11. What is the main idea behind
2. What is receive diversity? SFBC?
3. What is transmit diversity? 12. What is CDD?
4. What is beam forming? 13. Explain the main idea behind
5. What is SDMA? CDD?
6. What is spatial multiplexing?
7. How much is capacity of link
increased using spatial
multiplexing?
8. What is CQI?
9. What is RI?
10. How is RI used by the scheduler?

87