Autoregulation of cardiac output is

overcome by adrenergic stimulation

in the anaconda heart
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02 03 04
Introduction Materials Results Discussion
and
Methods
INTRODUCTION
● Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

● How most vertebrates increase cardiac output

● Intrinsic autoregulation

● Increased heart rate

● Decreased stroke volume

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INTRODUCTION
● ‘Venocentric’ approach

● Overlooks the potential to regulate the heart itself

● Beta-adrenergic stimulation

● Overcomes limitations on stroke volume

● Adrenergic stimulation to counter autoregulation

● In situ and in vitro investigation

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MATERIALS AND
METHODS
Experimental animals Composition of the Ringer’s solution
● 12 male yellow anacondas (in mmol 1-1)

● Kept in individual vivaria at ● NaCL (95)

28°C ● MgSO4 (1)
● NaHCO3
● Fasted for 2 weeks prior (30) ● CaCl2 (2)
● Anaesthetized with isofluorane ● NaH2PO4 ● Glucose (5)
(2)
● KCl (2.5)
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
In situ preparations In situ preparations
● 7 snakes ‘Starling trials’ ↑ 0.05 kPa
● In situ perfused preparations ● First trial
○ (Joyce et al., 2016) ○ Intrinsic heart rate

● 20min to stabilize ● Second trial

○ Intermediate preload pressure (0.2- ○ Electrical pacing (50 beats min-1)
024 kPa)
● Third trial
○ Afterload of 5kPa
○ Saturating dose of noradrenaline
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
In vitro preparations In vitro preparations
● 5 snakes Force-Frequency trial
● Heart dissected ● 12 to 60 beats min-1
○ Atrial strip and ventricular strip ● Saturating dose of
preparation
noradrenaline
● Electrical stimulation
● At each frequency
○ 12 beats min with 5 ms pulses
-1 ○ Twitch force
○ Time to peak force
● Maximum force of contraction ○ Time to 50% relaxation
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In situ
● Right atrial pacing
○ Raised heart rate (A)
○ Decreased preload pressure (B)
○ Decreased stroke volume (C)
○ Unchanged cardiac output (D)

● Noradrenaline
○ Increased heart rate to the same frequency (A)
○ Maintained stroke volume (C)
○ Increased cardiac output (D)

Fig. 1. Cardiac performance during control conditions and at elevated heart rates
achieved by electrical pacing and adrenergic stimulation in perfused anaconda hearts.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In vitro
● Force-Frequency Trials
○ Increased force of contraction (A, B)
○ Increased rates of contraction (C, D)
○ Increased rates of relaxation (E, F)

Fig. 3. Adrenergic stimulation of contractile performance in in

vitro preparations from the anaconda heart.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

● Positive inotropic effect

○ Strengthen the force of muscular contractions

● Positive chronotropic effect

○ Increases heart rate

● Adrenergic stimulation plays a fundamental role