FRESH WATER PRODUCTION

Presentation by - Prof. R.V.ANVEKAR

 FRESH WATER PRODUCTION
• FRESH WATER IS USED ON BOARD THE SHIP
FOR FOLLOWING PURPOSES.
1. CREW USES ABOUT 70-225 litre/person/day.
2. IN MACHINERY SPACES TO MAKE UP
COOLIMG SYSTEMS LOSSES, WATER TUBE
BOILER etc.,
3. HOTEL SERVICES ABOUT 50 tonnes / day.

• FRESH WATER CAN BE PRODUCED BY

FOLLOWING METHODS
1. DISTILLATION PROCESS:
IN THIS DISTILLED WATER IS PRODUCED
BY EVAPORATING SEA WATER EITHER BY
A. BOILING PROCESS
B. FLASH PROCESS.
2. REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS:
THESE ARE USED FOR PRODUCING THE
WATER INSTANTLY & IN SOME PASSANGER
CRUISE VESSELS WHICH MAY REMAIN
STOPPED AT SEA FOR VARIOUS REASONS.

• DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT ‘M’ NOTICE i.e.,

M620 SAYS THAT EVAPOPRATORS MUST NOT
BE OPERATED WITHIN 20 miles OF THE
COASTLINE & THIS DISTANCE MAY BE
GREATER IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES AS
POLLUTION IS PRESENT IN SHORE WATERS
FROM SEWAGE, DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL
CHEMICAL WASTE, POLLUTION FROM
GROUNDING OR COLLISION OF SHIPS etc.
 BOILING PROCESS EVAPORATOR
1. IN THIS SEA WATER FROM THE SHIP’S SERVICE
SYSTEM IS FIRST CIRCULATED THROUGH THE
CONDENSER OF THE EVAPORATOR AND AT THE SAME
TIME PART OF THIS WATER IS USED AS FEED WATER
TO THE EVAPORATOR CHAMBER. SEA WATER FEED IS
REGULATED BY FLOW CONTROLLER.
2. HOT JACKET COOLING WATER AT 650C FROM ENGINE
OR STEAM IS PASSED THROUGH THE HEATER NEST.
3. BECAUSE OF THE REDUCED PRESSURE IN THE
CHAMBER, SEA WATER BOILS AT ABOUT 450C.
4. THE STEAM PRODUCED RISES, BUT CARRY WITH IT,
SMALL DTROPLETS OF SALT WATER WHICH MUST BE
REMOVED TO AVOID THE CONTAMINATION OF
WATER.
5. IN CONDENSING SECTION STEAM BECOMES PURE
WATER, WHICH IS DRAWN OFF BY DISTILLATYE PUMP.
ABOUT HALF OF SEA WATER FEED IS CONVERTED IN
TO DISTILLED WATER & REMAINING IN TO BRINE.
6. DEMISTER MADE OF KNITTED MONEL METAL WIRE OR
POLYPROPYLENE COLLECTS THE SALT FILLED WATER
DROPLETS AS THEY ARE CARRIED THROUGH BY THE
AIR. THESE DROPLETS COALESCE FORMING LARGE
DROPLRETS & FALL BACK IN TO THE BOTTOM OF THE
CHAMBER FORMING PART OF THE BRINE.
7. THE DENSITY OF SEA WATER COLLECTED AT BOTTOM
OF CHAMBER MUST BE CONTROLLED BY
CONTINUOSLY REMOVING THE BRINE. THIS IS DONE
BY BRINE EJECTOR OR PUMP.
8. THE AIR AND OTHER GASES RELEASED BY HEATING OF
SEA WATER, WHICH DO NOT GET CONDENSED ARE
REMOVED BY THE AIR EJECTOR. SINGLE EJECTOR IS
USED TO REMOVE BINE & THE AIR.
9. THE WEIR PROVIDED IN THE BOTTOPM OF THE
CHAMBER CONTINUOSLY REMOVES THE EXTRA
SALTY WATER OR BRINE & MAINTAINS THE DENSITY
OF SALT WATER. EJECTOR WATER PUMP IS USED TO
REMOVE THE BRINE.
10. SEA WATER CONTAINS CALCIUM BI-CARBONATE.
THIS RELEASES CO2 GAS & LEAVES PLAIN CALCIUM
CARBONATE IN PRECIPITATE FORM, WHICH HAS
TENDENCY TO FORM THE SCALE. ALONG WITH THIS
CALCIUM SULPHATE & MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS
ALSO FORM THE SCALE. THESE SCALES FORMED CAN
BE REMOVED BY PERIODIC CLEANING.
11. FOR REMOVAL OF THE SCALE EVAPORATOR IS DOSED
WITH SYNTHETIC POLYMER. THIS CONVERTS THE
SCALE FORMING SALT IN TO “FLOCC” WHICH IS
DISCHARGED WITH THE BRINE.
FLASH PROCESS EVAPORATOR
• PRINCIPLE USED:
WHEN A LIQUID CONTAINING A
REASONABLE AMOUNT OF
SENSIBLE HEAT AND AT A
PARTICULAR PRESUURE IS
ADMITTED TO A CHAMBER
MAINTAINED AT A LOW
PRESSURE, IMMEDIATELY
FLASHES IN TO STEAM WITHOUT
BOILING TAKING PLACE.
• OPERATION:
1. THE SEA WATER FEED PUMP CIRCULATES THE SEA
WATER THROUGH VAPOUR CONDENSERS AND THEN
THROUGH PREHEATER.
2. IN PREHEATER STEAM IS USED TO HEAT THE SEA
WATER, WHICH ABSORB THE LATENT HEAT OF STEAM
WITH RESULANT GAIN IN ECONOMY.
3. THUS HEATED SEA WATER PASSES TO THE FIRST STAGE
FLASH CHAMBER WHERE SOME OF IT FLASHES OFF &
GET CONVERTED IN TO STEAM BECAUSE OF LOW
PRESSURE.
4. AN AIR EJECTOR IS USED TO MAINTAIN THE LOW
PRESSURE IN THE CHAMBERS & ALSO TO REMOVE ANY
GASES RELEASED FROM SEA WATER.
5. AS THIS STEAM PASSES OVER THE DEMISTER, SALINE
DROPLETS ARE PREVENTED WHICH FALL DOWN AT THE
BOTTOM OF THE CHAMBER & FORM BRINE.
6. THE STEAM THEN RISES & GET CONDENSED IN TO
WATER IN FIRST STAGE CONDENSER.
7. THE LATENT HEAT FROM FLASH STEAM IS RETURNED
TO SEA WATER WHILE PASSING THROUGH THE
CONDENSER.
8. THE HEATED WATER FURTHER PASSES TO THE
SECOND STAGE FLASH CHAMBER, WHICH IS AT
LOWER PRESSURE, AND MORE WATER FLASHES OFF
IN TO STEAM. THIS STEAM IS ALSO DEMISTED &
CONDENSED.
9. THE DISTILLED WATER FROM FIRST & THE SECOND
STAGE IS THEN DRAWN OFF BY THE DISTILLATE
PUMP AND SENT TO THE DISTILLED WATER TANK
AFTER CHECKING IT’S SALINITY.
10. THE CONCENTRATED SEA WATER / BRINE FROM THE
SECOND STAGE FLASH CHAMBER IS DRAWN OFF BY
THE BRINE PUMP AND SENT TO OVER BOARD
DISCHARGE.
MAINTAINCE OF EVAPORATOR
• SCALE IS FORMED OVER THE HEATING SURFACES OF
THE EVAPORATOR DURING IT’S OPERATION WHICH
DEPEND ON THE FLOW RATE OF SEA WATER & THE
DENSITY OF BRINE FORMED. THIS SCALE AFFECT THE
PERFORMANCE OF THE PLANT. SO IT IS TO BE
REMOVED FROM TIME TO TIME DURING THE
MAINTAINANCE.
• SCALE FORMED CAN BE REMOVED FOLLOWING TWO
METHODS
1. COLD SHOCKING: IN THIS ALTERNATE COOLING &
HEATING OF THE TUBE SIRFACES IS DONE TO REDUCE
SCALE FORMATION.
2. CLEANING: SHUT DOWN THE PLANT & REMOVE THE
SCALE FORMED BY MANUALLY CLEANING OR
CHEMICAL TREATMENT.
 OSMOSIS
A. SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE IS LIKE A
FILTER. THIS ALLOWS WATER
MOLECULES TO PASS THROUGH, BUT
NOT LARGER MOLECULES OF
DISSOLVED SUBTANCES. THIS
PHENOMENON IS CALLED OSMOSIS.
B. OSMOSIS IS APPLICABLE IN
ABSORPTION OF WATER OF GROUND
THROUGH ROOTS IN PLANTS & ALSO
APPLICABLE IN HUMAN BODY SYSTEM.
 REVERSE OSMOSIS
• IN REVERSE OSMOSIS SALT WATER ON
ONE SIDE OF THE MEMBRANE IS
PRESSURISED BY A PUMP AND FORCED
AGAINST THE MEMBRANE.
• PURE WATER PASSES THROUGH BUT THE
MEMBRANE PREVENTS THE PASSAGE OF
THE SALTS. FOR PRODUCTION OF LARGE
AMOUNT OF WATER LARGE AREA WITH
STRONG MATERIAL IS REQUIRED. THIS
ACHIEVED BY USING THE CARTRIDGE.
 THE CARTRIDGE
• THIS CONSISTS OF POROUS STAINLESS STEEL TUBE
WHICH FORMS THE CORE OF THE CARTRIDGE. THE
CORE IS WRAPPED WITH NUMBER OF ENVELOPES. EACH
ENVELOPE CONSISTING OF TWO SHEETS OF MEMBRANE
& A SHHET OF POROUS SUBTANCE. THE ENVELPOES ARE
FURTHER SEPARATED BY COARSE GAUZE SHEETS.
• THE ENVELOPES AND THE SEPARATORS ARE WRAPPED
AROUND THE CENTRAL CORE TUBE IN SPIRAL FORM TO
GET A CYLINDRICAL SHAPE. THIS ASSEMBLY IS HOUSED
IN A STAINLESS STEEL TUBE TO FORM THE CARTRIDGE.
• IN REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT NUMBER OF SUCH
CARTRIDGES ARE USED IN PARALLEL TO INCREASE THE
SURFACE AREA & HENCE TO INCREASE THE RATE OF
FILTRATION / PRODUCTION.