•

COPENHAGEN
Capital city of Denmark.
• Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand another small portion of the city is located on Amager.
 INTRODUCTION

 LOCATION
 Capital city of Denmark. Copenhagen is situated on the
eastern coast of the island of Zealand another small portion
of the city is located on Amager.
 CLMATE
 Copenhagen is in the oceanic climate zone
 Its weather is subject to low-pressure systems from the
Atlantic –unstable conditions.
 Summer – July warmest month (Av. temp. – 21 deg.
Celsius) Winter – snowfall from December end to early
 March
City Population: 502,362 (2004)
 City Area: 221,712 acres
 Density Level: 23 people / acre
 Park Average: 6,143
 Park acreage per 1000 residents: 1.2 Acres

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 HISTORY
 Originally a Viking fishing village founded in the 10th century,
Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century.
 Beginning in the 17th century it consolidated its position as a regional
centre of power with its institutions, defences and armed forces.
 After suffering from the effects of plague and fire in the 18th century, the
city underwent a period of redevelopment. This included construction of
the prestigious district of Frederiks staden and founding of such cultural
institutions as the Royal Theatre and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts.
 After further disasters in the early 19th century when Nelson attacked
the Dano-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city, rebuilding during the
Danish Golden Age brought a Neoclassical look to Copenhagen's
architecture.
 Later, following the Second World War, the Finger Plan fostered the
development of housing and businesses along the five urban railway
routes stretching out from the city centre.

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 HISTORICAL TRANSPORT AND LAND USE

1847 - First Central Station in Copenhagen

1847 - First steam engine
1863 - First horse driven Tram Car line in Denmark and
Copenhagen was established
1896 - First motor vehicle in Copenhagen
1910 - First Bicycle Lanes and paths in Copenhagen
1955 - First "Skyscrapers" in Copenhagen
1956 - First Danish Freeway in Greater Copenhagen
1962 - The world's longest Pedestrian Street in Copenhagen
1972 - The last Tramcar in Copenhagen
2000 - The Oresund Bridge
2002 - The first metro line in and around Copenhagen opened
2008 - Copenhagen no. 1 city in the world
2012 – Bicycle superhighway opens

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CONCEPT

The city center of Copenhagen is located in what would

be considered the palm of the hand, with urban areas in
linear corridors that extend out from the center and are
CONNECTED bytransit.
The transit (mainly rail) provides residents easy access to
the city center. Protected open green space between these
corridors provides residents access to nature that is
lacking in many urban developments.
The protected green wedges simultaneously prevent
further development helping keep the shape of the
corridors and preventing over development.
The finger plan has shaped the growth of Copenhagen for
more than 60 years.
The plan remains the basis for all regional planning as
Copenhagen looks to gain more than 10,000 people a
year for the next 20 years.
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 PRINCIPLES OF FINGER PLAN
1. The public should have easy access to infrastructural
facilities such as green spaces, bike paths, commuter trains and
motorways.
2. People should have the possibility to enjoy forests and lakes,
agricultural landscapes, rivers, streams and fjords and still
benefit from the close proximity to the city centre.
3. The form of the Five Finger Plan makes traffic and
transportation of people and goods a much easier task.
4. The Five Finger Plan has steered growth for almost 60 years
i) The Plan is still the basis of all regional planning - almost
60 years old. expecting
ii) ii) growth of inhabitants >10.000 people/year in next 20
years.
iii) iii) add 75,000 homes
iv) iv) extend or thicken “fingers “– w/ s same degree of
INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

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 TIMELINE PLANNING
The Thumb & Forefinger–the
first of the planned fingers–
were planned and developed.
The end result was criticized
due to its inequitable
separation of social classes.
Public frustration with the
First Danish planning act segregation of rich and poor
was passed by the national led to the forming of a regional
government planning authority
1939 1947 1961
The Finger Plan was
developed and passed.
Parliamentary planning law
was passed specifying how
regions should plan. The law
was weak in the Copenhagen
region due to a fear on the part
of national policy of ceding
power to the region which
houses 1/3 of Denmark’s
population.
EARLY
1966
1970’S
Regional Planning
Authority Formed
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 TIMELINE PLANNING
The Greater Copenhagen
Greater Copenhagen Authority was established. This
is a regional planning authority
Council was formed. This
that oversees transportation
was a regional authority, it planning, regional planning,
was criticized for having no transit operations, economic
teeth and was disbanded in development, tourism and
1988 culture.

1974-1979 1981-1988 PRESENT

During this period, the Ministry of the

environment—an entity that operated at the
national level—oversaw regional planning
functions. Ironically, despite the lack of a
regional planning arm the Policy Decisions
made at the national level such as a new
transportation link to Malmo, Sweden
helped secure the city’s current high
international status as a place of cultural
economic bounty

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FINGER PLAN

The Finger Plan  is an urban plan from 1947

which provides a strategy for the development
of the Copenhagen metropolitan area,
Denmark. According to the plan, Copenhagen
is to develop along five 'fingers', centred on S-
train commuter rail lines, which extend from
the 'palm', that is the dense urban fabric of
central Copenhagen. In between the
fingers, green "wedges"are intended to
provide land for agriculture and recreational
purposes[

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FINGER PLAN

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11
 IMPLIMENTATION
LITTLE FINGER
The northern suburbs
form the little finger of
the plan and are
traditionally the
wealthiest. In popular
language, the area is
known as "The Whiskey
Belt", although the area is
mixed between mansions,
larger houses, garden
cities and mid-size
houses. The area has a
population of around
270,000 inhabitants.
THE RING FINGER
The north-northwestern part of
the suburbs forms the ring
finger. The area is to a large
extent formed by detached
middle-class dwellings, with
some exceptions of housing
projects or upper-class areas.
The area has a population of
around 100,000 inhabitants.
THE MIDDLE FINGER
The northwestern suburbs form
the middle finger. It consists of
a mixed area of both detached
middle-class dwellings,
widespread garden cities and
large, low-rise public housing
projects. The area has a
considerable part of the
industrial areas of metropolitan
Copenhagen, mostly in the
traditional sectors of
manufacturing. The area has a
population of around 110,000
inhabitants.
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 IMPLIMENTATION
THE INDEX FINGER
The index finger forms
the western suburbs,
which are those with the
lowest income per capita
and the highest crime rate.
The suburbs vary from the
petit bourgeois area of
Glostrup to the
widespread low housing
projects of Albertslund
and Taastrup. Of the total
of 145,000 inhabitants,
some 20% are immigrants
of first or second
generation.
THE THUMB
The southwest suburbs along
the coast form the thumb of the
plan. While the central parts of
these suburbs are dominated by
high-rise housing projects and
low-income inhabitants, the
distant part is dominated by
detached middle-class houses.
These suburbs have a
population of some 215,000
inhabitants, with a sizeable
number of immigrants.
THE EXTRA FINGER
When the finger plan was initially
introduced, the island
of Amager was not included as
the infrastructure was inadequate
for modern suburban life. It has
since been improved and the
suburbs on the island hold some
53,000 inhabitants. Amager is
now one of the most modern
suburbs of Copenhagen with
increasing wealth. With the
opening of the bridge
to Sweden this finger has been
extended all the way to Malmö.
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 THE SIXTH FINGER (BACKGROUND)

The development of the Ørestad area (the sixth finger) was made by following, in some extent, the
concepts of the original finger plan which had as its structure the regional rail system. This model is
possible to be linked with the concept of transport oriented development (TOD), in which urban
growth areas were developed along five radial corridors that connect Copenhagen inner city with
new sub-urban settlements.These new urbanization rapidly attracted residents who came from
Copenhagen city looking for more affordable housing options. As a consequence of this
displacement of residents out of the city, the Municipality tax base was near to collapse and its
economic situation worsened over the time.
The two projects in Ørestad were linked in order to achieve the strategic vision of becoming a major
economic pole in the Scandinavia region. At the same time it would accommodate urban growth in
this area along the new metro rail in a strategic position. Its location is probably the most important
characteristic and strength of this project because of its proximity to Copenhagen historic city centre
and airport. It is also located in the midpoint area between the Øresund Link which connects Malmö
and Copenhagen, this condition allows that the project could receive commuter flows from both
cities, generating therefore a double-city link that reinforces regional competitiveness.

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MONUMENTAL
PLAN

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 TRANSPORTATION IN COPENHAGEN
ROAD NETWORK
Copenhagen has a large network of toll-free
motorways and public roads connecting different
municipalities of the city together and to Northern
Europe. As in many other cities in Europe traffic
is increasing in Copenhagen. The radial arterial
roads leading to Copenhagen city centre are
critically congested during peak hours.
In October 2011, heated, political talks of
plans about road tolls around Copenhagen in
order to combat the car congestion and improve
the air quality arose. Discussions were abandoned
in February 2012 due to disagreement of the
physical locations of the toll road boundaries and
political deadlock.

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PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION S-TRAIN
The S-train network is a metro like
urban rapid transit network mainly serving
the urban Copenhagen area. It connects the
city centre and inner boroughs with the
outer boroughs of Copenhagen. As of
January 2009 there are 170 km of dual
track and 84 S-train stations, of which
eight are in neighbouring towns outside
greater Copenhagen. The system has four
main lines, and their tracks are fully
separated from all other traffic. Parts are
underground, other parts elevated, and
some parts run in cuttings. Each line
operates at a frequency of six trains per
hour throughout the day. Through the city
centre, however, where three of the four
lines converge, trains can be as often as
every two or three minutes
AIRPORT
Copenhagen Airport is a major hub for SAS and Norwegian, and along
with around 60 other airlines.
HARBOUR
Copenhagen has four lines of waterbuses, known as the Copenhagen
Harbour Buses, serving ten water bus stops
The harbour of Copenhagen has largely lost its industrial importance. In
2001, Copenhagen Harbour as an organisation merged with the harbour in
Malmo to create Copenhagen-Malmo Port. It has several functions, the
most important being as a major cruise destination.
Screenshot saved The screenshot was added to your OneDrive.
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 BICYCLING TRACKS
ROAD MAP BICYCLING TRACKS Copenhagen is known as one
of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world. Every day 1.1
million km are bicycled in Copenhagen.

BICYCLING TRACK
The city's bicycle paths and cycle tracks are extensive and well
used. Bicycle paths are often separated from the main traffic lanes
and sometimes have their own signal systems, giving the cyclists a
lead of a couple of seconds to accelerate.
The municipality is also developing a system of interconnected
green bicycle routes, greenways, the aim being to facilitate fast,
safe, and pleasant bicycle transport from one end of the city to the
other. The network will cover more than 100 km (62 mi) and will
have 22 routes when finished. The city provides public bicycles
which can be found throughout the downtown area.
PUBLIC BICYCLES: The bicycle sharing system was launched in
1995 with 1,000 cycles, the project was the world's first organized
large-scale urban bike-sharing scheme, featured what are now
considered basic elements such as coin deposit, fixed stands and
specially designed bikes with parts that cannot be used on other
bikes.

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THANK YOU