Profibus

Fieldbus is a digital communication bus line connecting the field instruments with
the control system components.

A field instrument is an instrument attached to a process,

e.g.: measurement devices, valves, motor starters and alarm switches .
What are field bus benefits
• ProfiBus (PROcess FIeld BUS) is a widely accepted international
networking standard,commonly found in process
control(fluids,pipes,pumps) and in large assembly and material
handling machines
 It is an open, vendor independent standard IEC 61158 . It
adheres to the OSI model and ensures that devices from a variety
of different vendors can communicate together easily and
effectively based on RS 485 standard
Profibus network exchange data using single network cable .Profibus is not single communication
system but variety of protocols(Profibus FMS, PROFIBUS DP, PROFIBUS PA) built on the same field bus
technology
There are two variations of PROFIBUS in use today; the most commonly
used PROFIBUS DP, and the lesser used, application specific, PROFIBUS
PA:

• PROFIBUS DP (Decentralized Peripherals) used to drive sensors and

actuators via a central controller. Dataspeed up to 12 Mbit/s with
twisted pair cables and fiber optic cables are an option.

• PROFIBUS PA (Process Automation) is used to monitor measuring

equipment via a process control system. This Profibus variant is ideal
for use in explosive areas (Ex-zone 0 and 1).
ProfiBus supports two main types of devices, namely, masters and
slaves.
 Master devices control the bus and when they have the right to
access the bus, they may transfer messages without any remote
request. These are referred to as active stations.
• Slave devices are typically peripheral devices i.e.
transmitters/sensors and actuators. They may only acknowledge
received messages or, at the request of a master, transmit
messages to that master. These are also referred to as passive
stations.
 FMS Features
 A slave can be assigned to several masters
 Several masters can write to the same slave
 Main application areas are:
 Transmission of large amounts of data e.g.. programs, data blocks....

FMS Access Procedure

 DP features
• Allows the use of multiple master devices, each slave device is
assigned to one master. This means that multiple masters can read
inputs from the device but only one master can write outputs to that
device.
 Only one master can control the bus at any time(which has the token)
and a slave device must respond immediately to a request from a
master.
DP - Access Procedure
 DP features
 Fastest fieldbus system (speed varies from 9.6Kbps  to 12Mbps)
  The RS485 balanced transmission that is used in PROFIBUS DP only
allows 32 devices to be connected at once but more devices can be
connected and network can be expanded with the use of hubs or
repeaters.
 PA features

 Based on the extended PROFIBUS-DP Protocol and IEC 1158-2 Transmission

 Connects Instruments to the control system via a serial bus
 Only two wires for data and power
It is slower than PROFIBUS DP and runs at fixed speed of 31.2Kbps . The
communication may be initiated to minimise the risk of explosion or for the
systems that intrinsically need safe equipment.
 Low power management and therefore suitable for applications with Intrinsic
Safety
Typical System Configuration with PROFIBUS-PA
Protocol Architecture

ProfiBus DP uses only layers 1

& 2 layers, plus the user
interface.  Layers 3 to 7 are
not used. 
PROFIBUS layer 1 (physical layer)

The PROFIBUS standard provides for various forms of transmission technology,

while retaining a uniform bus protocol.
• Cable-bound transmission : It uses screened, twisted copper cable with a pair of
conductors.
• Fibre-optic cable: Used for applications in very interference-prone environments,
and to extend working range at high transmission speeds.
• Intrinsically safe transmission: PROFIBUS-PA enables the intrinsically safe
transmission and supply of stations across the bus.
PROFIBUS layer 2 (data link layer)

The PROFIBUS bus access :

Token-passing procedure for communication between complex stations (masters)

Master-slave procedure for the communication of complex stations with low-
expense peripheral devices (slaves).
This combined procedure is called a hybrid bus access procedure.
• PROFIBUS gives a deterministic network. Each station is guaranteed
the access to the bus within a fixed time. This determinism is taken
care of by a token ring system – administrated from the data link level
The token passes between the masters
• The station that holds the token controls the bus. The master
communicates with all its slaves during the period it has the token.
• The master either sends data to the slave or asks the slave for data. A
slave can never send any data other than when it gets a request from
its master.
Exchange of data between master and slave

The master gets the data telegram from a slave after having sent a request telegram.
When the master sends a data telegram to the slave, the slave must respond with a status telegram.
PROFIBUS DP Protocol
• Version DP-V0 provides the basic function of the communication protocol. This
includes, in particular, cyclical communication (master polling the slaves
continuously to get control I/O data in and out between I/O and the PLC) and
device-, module- and channel-specific diagnostics for quick fault localization.
Examples of this include "excess temperature" and "short circuit on output".
• Version DP-V1 supplements DP-V0 with functions for acyclical communication, i.e.
for functions such as parameterization, operation, monitoring and alarm
handling. (The alarm types that are specified by PROFIBUS International are
Diagnostic, Process, Pull, Plug, Status, and Update alarm)
• Version DP-V2 contains additional functions as extensions of DP-V1, in particular
functions which are required for drive control. These include functions for
communication between slaves, cycle synchronization and time stamping.
PROFIBUS communication protocols
• FMS and DP use the same transmission technology. The physical layer
for these two protocols follow the standard EN 50 170. The PA
standard for this layer is IEC 61158-2.
• The next layer data link layer is identical for all three PROFIBUS
variations
• At user level, DP and PA are equal and FMS is different.
PROFIBUS DP uses high and low voltage to represent each bit .
 The first bit is a low start bit, then comes the 8 data bits. The last bit is a high stop bit.
 After the data bits and before the stop bit, the package has a parity bit. This bit is set to 1
(high) or 0 (low) depending on the number of ones in the data word – and so that there
always are an odd number of ones among the 11 bits of the package.
 The station that receives the package can then check for the number of ones and in that way
check if errors have occured during transmission
 Bus Access
The PROFIBUS Bus Access Method combines Multi-Master and
Master-Slave communication Multi-Master and Master-Slave communications
 Bus Access
Hybrid Bus Access Protocol
 Token-Passing between Masters . Master - Slave Protocol between Master and Slaves
Master
 Active stations with the right to control the bus for a limited amount of time (Token -
Hold - Time)
Slave
 Slaves only respond on request of a Master - they have no rights to control the bus
Each device on a PROFIBUS network has an assigned address. A master can
communicate with slave using the designated address .The PROFIBUS protocol
supports addresses from 0 to 127.
 Device and System Startup

 All the information that the master must know to start up the bus comes from a
configuration database file that is generated by a PROFIBUS configuration
 The user specifies the slave devices the master should find on the bus as well as
what information is to be transferred from the master to each slave during the
startup phase.
 The vendor of each PROFIBUS master devices offers a configuration tool for
generating the database file for their masters.
 A configuration tool for cyclic I/O operation must be able to do the following:
PROFIBUS device address to be specified
selection of the system baud rate
process GSD (device description) files and maintain a hardware catalog of devices
to be configured on the bus
• A vendor develops a slave device, it must develop a device description (GSD) file.
This file completely describes the PROFIBUS functionality of the device – for
example, baud rates supported.

PROFIBUS Configuration Tool Functionality

 The master must now determine if the devices at the assigned addresses
contained within the configuration database are physically on the bus and
initialize them for “operational” or “data exchange ” mode. To get the devices into
this mode a PROFIBUS master goes through a well defined sequence of
interactions with each of the slave devices in its bus configuration.

Slave Startup Sequence

• If the master device experiences a power loss, when it powers back
up it uses the configuration database in retentive memory to go
through the startup sequence with each device in its configuration to
get all devices back into operational mode.
• If a slave device fails and must be replaced, the master recognizes
that a replacement device of the same type and with the same
PROFIBUS address has been attached to the bus. When it does, it goes
through this same startup sequence and automatically brings the
device into operational mode.
Initialization Sequence of Commands for PROFIBUS DP Slave
Thank you