EMAHS - Basic First Aid Topic Online

BASIC FIRST AID
ERIC L. ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

UNIVERSITY INSTRUCTOR
BLS, ACLS, FA, EMAHS, PHTLS, ITLS, EMT Instructor, Assessor
Tactical Combat Casualty Care Instructor (TCCC)
DRO, CLS INSTRUCTOR
American Heart Association (AHA) Instructor
American Safety and Health Institute (ASHI) Instructor
Emergency Care and Safety Institute (ECSI) Instructor
COGNITIVE OBJECTIVES
• Define Basic First Aid

• List the 3 Three Objectives of First Aid
• List the 6 Six characteristics of a good first aider
• Identify hindrances in giving first aid
• Define Body Substance Isolation / Personal Protective
Equipment
• List down the Basic First Aid Equipment
• Define Dressing and Bandages and enumerate the uses of
both
ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM
Definition
▪FIRST AID response to someone who

is injured or has suddenly become ill.
A first aider is a person who takes action

while taking care to keep everyone involved
safe and to cause no further harm while
doing so. Follow the actions that most
benefit the casualty taking into account
your own skills, knowledge, and experience

FIRST AIDER
• OBJECTIVE OF FIRST AIDER

- To Prolong life
- To Alleviate Suffering
- To prevent further or added injury

CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD FIRST AIDER
1. GENTLE - shouldn’t cause pain
2. RESOURCEFUL – make best use of all things
3. OBSERVANT – Notice all signs
4. TACTFUL – shouldn’t be alarming
5. EMPATHETIC – should be comforting
6. RESPECTABLE - should maintain a professional & caring attitude
FIRST AID PRIORITIES
• Assess a situation quickly and calmly at risk

• Prevent cross-contamination between yourself and the casualty as best
as possible
• Comfort and reassure casualties.
• Assess the casualty: identify, as best as you can, the injury or nature of
illness affecting a casualty
• Give early treatment, and treat the casualties with the most serious
(life-threatening) conditions first.
• Arrange for appropriate help: call 911 for emergency help if you suspect
serious injury or illness;
KEY STEPS TO BEING AN EFFECTIVE FIRST AIDER
• Be calm in your approach

• Be aware of risks (to yourself and others)
• Build and maintain trust (from the casualty and the
bystanders)
• Give early treatment, treating the most serious (life-
threatening) conditions first
• Call appropriate help
• Remember your own needs
HINDRANCE IN GIVING FIRST AID
• UNFABORABLE SURROUNDING
• PRESENCE OF CROWD
• PRESSURE FROM PATIENT, RELATIVES AND
• OTHER FIRST AID RESPONDER

DRESSING AND BANDAGE
DRESSING – is a sterile pad or

compress applied to a wound to
promote healing and protect the
wound from further harm
Other Used:
- Controls bleeding. Protects the
wound from infection.
- Absorbs liquid from the wound such
as blood plasma, water and puss.
DRESSING AND BANDAGE
BANDAGE– Clean clot material use

to hold the dressing in place
- Control bleeding.
- Tie splints in place.
- Immobilize body part.
- For arm support – used as a sling

TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
Apex
Indicator
Side Side
Face
Base
40 x 40 x 56
BODY SUSBTANCE ISOLATION / PPE
▪ Are precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of exposure

from any other type of bodily substance
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PERSONAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND DISINFECTING

TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES
DIRECT CONTACT AIRBORNE
INDIRECT CONTACT VECTOR

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

COGNITIVE & PSYCHOMOTOR OBJECTIVES
▪ After completing this module, participants will be able to;

▪ Discussed the skin and its functions
▪ Define what is wound and identify the two types
▪ Enumerate and explain the different types of wounds, classifications,
causes, characteristics, dangers and First Aid Management of wounds
▪ Define Burns
▪ Enumerate and explain the causes, types, factors
▪ Determine seriousness and first aid management
▪ Identify the specific body injuries
▪ Demonstrate and perform the different kinds of bandaging techniques

▪ After completing this module, participants will be able to;

▪ Discussed the skin and its functions
▪ Define what is wound and identify the two types
▪ Enumerate and explain the different types of wounds, classifications,
causes, characteristics, dangers and First Aid Management of wounds
▪ Define Burns
▪ Enumerate and explain the causes, types, factors
▪ Determine seriousness and first aid management
▪ Identify the specific body injuries
▪ Demonstrate and perform the different kinds of bandaging techniques

TYPES OF WOUNDS
▪ Is a break in the continuity of tissue of the

body either internal or external
▪ CLOSED WOUND
▪ The soft tissue damage occurs beneath the
surface of the skin, leaving the outer layer intact,
such as contusion, and crushing injuries

CONTUSION ( BRUISE)
▪ A blunt blow can rupture capillaries beneath the skin,

causing blood to leak into the tissues. This process
results in bruising. Extensive contusion and swelling may
indicate deeper damage, such as a fracture or an
internal injury.

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR CONTUSIONS
▪ C – COLD COMPRESS
▪ S – SPLINTING
▪ P – PROVIDE COMFORT
▪ R – REST

TYPES OF WOUNDS
OPEN WOUND
▪ it is a break in the skin or mucus
membrane; or the protective skin layer is
damage.

OPEN WOUND: PUNCTURE
▪ An injury such as standing on a nail or being pricked by a needle

will result in a puncture wound. It has a small entry site but a deep
track of internal damage. Since germs and dirt can be carried far
into the body, the infection risk with this kind of wound is high.

OPEN WOUND: ABRASION
▪ This is a superficial wound in which the topmost layers of skin are

scraped off, leaving a raw, tender area. Abrasions are often caused
by a sliding fall or a friction burn. They can contain embedded
foreign particles that may cause infection.

OPEN WOUND: LACERATION
▪ Blunt or ripping forces result in tears or lacerations. These wounds

may bleed less than clean surface cuts, but there may be deep
tissue damage. These lacerations are often contaminated with
germs, so the risk of infection is high.

OPEN WOUND: INCISION
▪ This is caused by a clean surface cut from a sharp- edged object

such as a razor. Blood vessels are cut straight across, so bleeding
may be profuse. Structures such as tendons or nerves may be
damaged.

OPEN WOUND: EVISCERATION
▪ Is the removal of viscera (internal organs, especially those in the

abdominal cavity)

OPEN WOUND: AVULSION
▪ A tearing away of a body part accidentally or surgically

OPEN WOUND: BURN
▪ Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves

and blood vessels. This results from heat, chemicals, electricity or
solar or other forms of radiation

OPEN WOUND: BURN
▪ Is an injury involving the

skin, including muscles,
bones, nerves and blood
vessels. This results from
heat, chemicals, electricity
or solar or other forms of
radiation

COMMON EMERGENCIES

After completing this module, participants will be

able to:
▪ Describe as the causes and signs and symptoms
and first aid management of the following;
▪ Heat Emergencies
▪ Cold Emergencies
▪ Other common emergencies

HEAT EMERGENCIES
Types of Heat Emergencies

▪ Heat Cramps
▪ Heat Exhaustion
▪ Heat Stroke

HEAT EMERGENCIES
Heat Cramps are caused by an excessive

loss of fluid through sweating
Signs:
▪ Involuntary muscle contraction or
cramping in the calf muscle or other
places.
▪ In severe cases, cramping occur in
multiple muscles due to excessive loss
of fluid and sodium
FIRST AID FOR HEAT CRAMPS
▪ Have the patient rest

▪ Cool the patient
▪ Give electrolytes or any salted drinks
▪ Massage the affected muscle gently but
firmly until relax
▪ Cold application on the affected muscles
▪ Monitor for signs of shock
▪ If patient loses consciousness give first
aid for unconsciousness
HEAT EMERGENCIES

FIRST AID FOR HEAT EXHAUSTION & STROKE
EXHAUSTION
- Have patient rest and elevate feet
- Loses tight clothing
- Have victim sip electrolyte drinks
- Cool the patient
STROKE
- Call 911
- Monitor patients ABC
- Keep patient cool as you wait for medical
help
COLD EMERGENCIES
Types of COLD EMERGENCIES

▪ FROST NIPS
▪ FROST BITES

COLD EMERGENCIES

FIRST AID FOR FROSTNIP AND FROSTBITE

HEAD ACHE

HEAD ACHE

SCIENCE BEHID HEADACHES
HEADACHE / MIGRAINE / DIZZINESS / VERTIGO

LACK OF 8 GLASSES OF WATER EVERY DAY (1 Glass = 330ml)
Not: Juice, Coffee, Soft drinks, Ice Tea, Soup, Alcoholic Beverages
80% Water
Are you drinking 8 glasses of
70% Water water or more everyday?
M=8? T=8? W=8? TH=8? F=8? S=8? SUN=8?
Not drinking 8 glass? Blood becomes viscous and acidic

Decreases during
- Talking
- Urination By law of gravity, Blood cannot flow properly to brain
- Defecation
- Vices (2x drop)
DEHYDRATION
- Sleep late at night (2x drop) NO NEED FOR MEDICINE AS FIRST OPTION
BONES, JOINTS, MUSCLE INJURIES

▪ After completing this module, participants will be able to:

▪ Discussed the Musculoskeletal System and its functions.
▪ Identify the different injuries related to bones, joint & muscle.
▪ Enumerate & explain the First Aid Management of each injury
▪ Enumerate and discuss the principles of immobilization
▪ Demonstrate the proper application of immobilization with
the use of wooden / improvised splints and triangular
bandage.

MUSCULOSKELETAL
▪ The human body is a well

designed system in which
form, upright posture, and
movement are provided by
the musculoskeletal
system.
▪ This system also protects
the vital internal organs of
the body

MUSCULOSKELETAL
▪ Bones – Is a living tissue containing large

amount of calcium and phosphorus; these
minerals make it hard, rigid and strong.
▪ There are 206 bones in the adult human
skeleton,
▪ Provide protective framework.
▪ Protect vital body structures;
▪ Supports the abdominal organs
▪ Enable the body to move.

MUSCULOSKELETAL
▪ Joints - A joint is a place at

which one bone meets
another. In a few joints
(immovable joints), the
bone edges firmly together
or are fused.

MUSCULOSKELETAL
THREE TYPES OF MUSCLES

▪ Skeletal Muscles
▪ Cardiac Muscles
▪ Smooth Muscles

MUSCLE INJURIES
MUSCLE CRAMPS
▪ Is the sudden, painful tightening of a muscle
due to prolong use, are common in legs,
abdomen, back, or any muscle that is over
used.
▪ First Aid for Muscle Cramps
▪ Have the patient stretch out the affected muscle
to counteract the cramp.
▪ Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently.
▪ Cold application over affected muscle
▪ Get medical help if cramps persist.
MUSCLE INJURIES
MUSCLE STRAIN First Aid

▪ Is a painful tearing of muscle fiber due ▪ Apply cold compresses at once
to stretching. Beyond its normal range
or when cold/tight muscle is suddenly ▪ Elevate the limb to reduce
exerted swelling and bleeding within
the muscle. Rest the pulled
muscle for 24 hours
▪ Get medical help.

MUSCLE INJURIES
SPRAIN FIRST AID

▪ Is an injury in which ligaments are ▪ Remove any clothing or
stretched and partially or completely jewellery from around the joint.
torn. ▪ Immobilize or splint the
affected part.
▪ Apply Cold compresses at
once.
▪ Elevate the affected joint with
pillow or clothing.

BONES AND JOINTS INJURIES
Dislocation is the displacement of a Signs and Symptoms

bone from its normal position at a joint.
▪ Pain (Dolor)
▪ Swelling (Rubor)
▪ Redness (Calor)
▪ Misshapen Appearance
▪ Loss of Function

FRACTURE / BROKEN BONES
are described by whether the bone is Signs and Symptoms

moved from its normal position
▪ Pain (Dolor)
▪ Swelling (Rubor)
▪ Redness (Calor)
▪ Misshapen Appearance
▪ Loss of Function

FIRST AID MANAGEMENT FOR FRACTURE /
BROKEN BONES
▪ Stabilize the patient’s ABC

▪ Check the patient’s Pulse, Motor, and Sensory before and after immobilization.
▪ Keep the patient still
▪ Cover the wound with dressing to control bleeding and prevent infection before
immobilizing an open fracture.
▪ Immobilize the injury in the position which you found it before applying cold
compress for closed fracture except for open fracture.
▪ Take steps to prevent shock
▪ Get medical help
POISONING

After completing this module, participants will be able to:

▪ Define and explain what Poison is.
▪ Enumerate the different ways in which poison may occur
▪ List down common household poison
▪ Explain as to the meaning, causes, signs and symptoms of the
followings:
▪ Ingestion poison
▪ Inhaled poison
▪ Absorbed poison
▪ Injected poison

POISON
Is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that tends to impair health

or cause death when introduced into the body or into the skin
surface. A poisoning emergency can be life threatening.
WAYS IN WHICH POISONING MAY OCCUR

▪ Ingestion – by mouth
▪ Inhalation – by breathing
▪ Injection – by animal bites, stings, syringes
▪ Absorption – by skin contact
INGESTED POISONING
Is one that is introduced into the

digestive tract by way of the mouth
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- Altered mental status
- History of ingesting poisons
- Burns around the mouth
- Odd breath odours
- Nausea, vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea

FIRST AID FOR INGESTED POISONING
▪ Call poison control center

▪ Try to identify the poison
▪ Place the victim on his or her left
side
▪ Monitor ABC
▪ Do not introduce vomiting
▪ Rinse mouth with cold water

INHALED POISONING
Is a poison breathed into the

lungs
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- Difficulty of breathing
- Chest Pain
- Ringing in the ears
- Cough, Hoarseness, burning
sensation in the throat
- Cyanosis
- Dizziness, Headache
- Seizure, Unresponsiveness
FIRST AID FOR INHALED POISONING

▪ Remove the victim from the toxic
environment and into fresh air
immediately
▪ Give Oxygen if available
▪ Monitor ABC
▪ Seek medical attention or
transport patient immediately

ABSORBED POISONING
Is a poison that enters the body

through the skin
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- History of exposure
- Liquid or powder on the skin
- Burns
- Itching, Irritation
- Redness, Rash, Blister

FIRST AID FOR ABSORBED POISONING

▪ Remove the clothing. Dry with
cloth. If the poison is powder, dust
it off.
▪ Flush the affected area with large
amount of water for 10-20
minutes.
▪ Continually monitor the patient’s
vital signs
▪ Give oxygen if hypoxia
INJECTED POISON
Is a poison that enters the body

through a bite, sting or syringe
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- Stinger may be present
- Pain
- Swelling
- Possible allergic reaction
- Redness

INJECTED POISON
SPIDER BITE / BEE STING
Signs and Symptoms

- Bite Mark
- Swelling
- Redness
- Pain
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Difficulty of Breathing

FIRST AID FOR INJECTED POISONING
▪ Remove stinger.
▪ Wash wound.
▪ Cover the wound
▪ Apply cold pack
▪ Watch for signs of allergic reaction
▪ Care for shock and monitor ABC

INJECTED POISON
SNAKE BITES
Signs and Symptoms

- Bite Marks
- Pain
- Swelling
- Difficulty of Breathing

FIRST AID FOR INJECTED POISONING
▪ Call Poison Control Center

▪ Wash wound with soap and water
▪ Monitor ABC
▪ Keep bitten part still and lower
than the heart
▪ Immobilize or splint
▪ Do not apply ice on the area
▪ Transfer patient to Animal Bite
Center
Thank you for listening!
I hope you learn something new

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BASIC FIRST AID

ERIC L. ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

• Define Basic First Aid

▪FIRST AID response to someone who

A ﬁrst aider is a person who takes action

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

• OBJECTIVE OF FIRST AIDER

• Assess a situation quickly and calmly at risk

• Be calm in your approach

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

DRESSING – is a sterile pad or

BANDAGE– Clean clot material use

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ Are precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of exposure

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT PERSONAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT CLEANING AND DISINFECTING

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

DIRECT CONTACT AIRBORNE

INDIRECT CONTACT VECTOR

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ After completing this module, participants will be able to;

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ After completing this module, participants will be able to;

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ Is a break in the continuity of tissue of the

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ A blunt blow can rupture capillaries beneath the skin,

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ An injury such as standing on a nail or being pricked by a needle

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ This is a superﬁcial wound in which the topmost layers of skin are

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ Blunt or ripping forces result in tears or lacerations. These wounds

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ This is caused by a clean surface cut from a sharp- edged object

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ Is the removal of viscera (internal organs, especially those in the

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ A tearing away of a body part accidentally or surgically

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ Is an injury involving the skin, including muscles, bones, nerves

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ Is an injury involving the

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

After completing this module, participants will be

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

Types of Heat Emergencies

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

Heat Cramps are caused by an excessive

▪ Have the patient rest

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

Types of COLD EMERGENCIES

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

HEADACHE / MIGRAINE / DIZZINESS / VERTIGO

Not drinking 8 glass? Blood becomes viscous and acidic

ERIC LAHAMAN ASTILLERO, RN, EMT, CGM

▪ After completing this module, participants will be able to: