TITLE LOREM

IPSUM

DOLOR SIT AMET

Presentation on textile quality parameter of yarn and fabric, with its importance and evaluation [ each student to
present one quality parameter].
- Presentation on concept of Quality Management System (QMS), examples of Quality Management Systems,
elaboration on any two  Quality Management Systems, its importance and example of its application in a textile /
fashion industry.
 QUALITY PARAMETER:
Aesthetic performance of fabric
AESTHETIC QUALITY
PARAMETER
The aesthetic performance or attractiveness of
fabric refers to the appearance of the fabric as it
Quality is of prime importance for every complements the appearance of the garment.
industry or business, to get increased sales
and better name amongst Consumers & Fabric aesthetics include
fellow Companies. Generally Quality
 color,
control Standards for export are set strictly,
as this business also holds the prestige of the  color consistency,
country, whose company is doing the export.  pattern,
 luster,
For textile and apparel industry product
 opacity, and
quality is calculated in terms of quality and
standard of fibers, yarns, fabric construction,  hand.
colours fastness, Surface designs and the
final finished garments products.
COLOUR AND
PATTERN

Colour is perhaps the single most

important feature in initially attracting
consumer to garments. However, the
‘beauty’ of the colour or pattern is
subjective as there are no laboratory tests
for evaluating the ‘quality’ of colours or
choosing the ‘best’ design for the
patterned fabric. The aesthetic evaluation
of colour and pattern depends on fashion
trends, personal preferences, and an
awareness of design elements and
principles.
HAND
HAND IS A BROAD TERM FOR Different aesthetic testing parameters:
THE KINAESTHETIC OR 1. Colour Fastness
MOVEMENT ASPECTS OF A
Colourfastness is the ability of the fabric
FABRIC. HAND REFERS NOT TO
to retain its colour.
THE COMFORT BUT TO THE
EMOTIONAL SENSATIONS Colourfastness refers to colour retention
RESULTING FROM TOUCHING, in reaction to laundering (bleach, water,
MOVING, OR SQUEEZING THE detergent, heat), light, dry-cleaning
FABRIC WITH THE HUMAN solvents, sea and pool water, perspiration
HAND. HAND ENCOMPASSES and other chemicals.
THE FOLLOWING ASPECTS OF Colour Fastness Tests:
THE FABRIC:
o Colour fastness to wash
DRAPE ABILITY/FLEXIBILITY
o Colour fastness to light
COMPRESSIBILITY o Colour fastness to rubbing (crock fastness)
EXTENSIBILITY o Colour fastness to perspiration
RESILIENCE o Colour fastness to bleaches
DENSITY o Colour fastness to sublimation
TEXTURE o Colour fastness to gas fading
THERMAL CHARACTER. o Colour fastness to abrasion (frosting)
• DIFFERENT AESTHETIC TESTING
PARAMETERS:
1.COLOUR FASTNESS
COLOURFASTNESS IS THE ABILITY
OF THE FABRIC TO RETAIN ITS
COLOUR.
COLOURFASTNESS REFERS TO
COLOUR RETENTION IN REACTION
TO LAUNDERING (BLEACH, WATER,
DETERGENT, HEAT), LIGHT, DRY-
CLEANING SOLVENTS, SEA AND
POOL WATER, PERSPIRATION AND
OTHER CHEMICALS.
COLOUR FASTNESS TESTS:
COLOUR FASTNESS TO WASH
COLOUR FASTNESS TO LIGHT
COLOUR FASTNESS TO RUBBING
(CROCK FASTNESS)
COLOUR FASTNESS TO
PERSPIRATION
COLOUR FASTNESS TO BLEACHES
COLOUR FASTNESS TO
SUBLIMATION
COLOUR FASTNESS TO GAS
FADING
COLOUR FASTNESS TO ABRASION
(FROSTING)
2. Crease/Wrinkle
Crease resistance is the ability of a
material to resist, or recover from,
creasing. Creases and wrinkles are often
seen as an undesirable property of fabrics.
The susceptibility of a fabric to creasing
it determined by its resilience.
Testing Methods Are:
o Crease recovery tester
o Wrinkle tester
Crease - Evaluation
Evaluated by recovery angle by degree
measured two times: warp way & weft
way
Say, warp way recovery = 110˚
And weft way recovery = 105̊
So, total crease recovery of the fabric is
215˚
o Class 5 – no wrinkle
o Class 4 – slight wrinkle
o Class 3 – noticeable wrinkle
o Class 2 – considerable wrinkle
o Class 1 – severe wrinkle a special light box
is used for viewing the samples
3.PILLING
PILLING ARISES AS A RESULT
OF MECHANICAL FACTORS
DURING THE DAY-TO-DAY USE
Pilling –Test Methods
OF FABRICS, MAINLY
o Brush and fabric to fabric method
FRICTION THAT OCCURS
o Random tumble pilling method
WHEN THE FABRIC RUBS
AGAINST ANOTHER  
SURFACE.  THE MAIN Pilling Resistance - Evaluation
CHARACTERISTIC OF PILLING The specimens are rated by comparing
IS THE FORMATION OF SMALL them with actual samples or replica
KNOTS AT THE ENDS OF photographs and the following rating is
PROTRUDING FIBERS, WHICH given:
NEGATIVELY AFFECT THE o Class 5 – no pilling
APPEARANCE OF FABRICS. o Class 4 – slight pilling
o Class 3 – noticeable pilling
o Class 2 – considerable pilling
o Class 1 – severe pilling a special light box
is used for viewing the samples

 
4.SNAGGING
A SNAG IS CREATED
WHEN A SHARP OR
ROUGH OBJECT PULLS,
PLUCKS, SCRATCHES, OR
DRAGS A GROUP OF 
FIBRES, YARN, OR A YARN
SEGMENT FROM ITS
NORMAL PATTERN.
SNAGGING
DETERIORATES THE
APPEARANCE AND THE
DURABILITY OF THE
FABRIC.
TESTING METHODS ARE
BEAN BAG TESTER
ICI MACE SNAG TESTER
 The second type of abrasion happens in
5.ABRASION RESISTANCE
the normal wearing process. Each time
ABRASION RESISTANCE REFERS
the cloth is rubbed against a hard surface,
TO THE AMOUNT OF RUBBING
a small loss of fiber occurs in this limited
ACTION A FABRIC CAN
WITHSTAND WITHOUT BEING area of garment. Fabric must withstand
DESTROYED. degradation from the environment.
ONE TYPE OF ABRASION IS Abrasion –Test Methods
CAUSED BY LAUNDERING OR
REFURBISHING PROCESS. THIS o Rotary platform, double head method
PRODUCES AN OVERALL LOSS o Flexing and abrasion method
OF FIBERS, AS SEEN WHEN o Inflated diaphragm method
EMPTYING THE LINT FILTERS o Oscillatory cylinder method
ON WASHING MACHINES, THUS o Uniform abrasion method (Martindale)
SLIGHTLY WEAKENING THE o Impeller tumble method
GARMENT DURING EVERY
REFURBISHING CYCLE.  
MORE SEVERE ABRASION IN
Abrasion Resistance - Evaluation
REFURBISHING OCCURS ON
MANY FOLDED EDGES OF THE Subjective –visual examination, colour
GARMENT, INCLUDING HEMS, change, lustre change, texture change
CUFFS, COLLARS, AND MANY
SQUARED OR POINTED EDGE.
Objective – change in breaking strength,
THIS IS WHY HOLES OFTEN air permeability, light transmission,
FORM FIRST AT THESE weight change.
LOCATIONS.
6.SHRINKAGE
A DIMENSIONAL CHANGE
RESULTING IN A
DECREASE IN THE
LENGTH OR WIDTH OF A
SPECIMEN SUBJECTED TO
SPECIFIED CONDITIONS IS
KNOWN AS SHRINKAGE.
REDUCTION IN LENGTH
AND WIDTH OF FABRIC
INDUCED BY
CONDITIONING, WETTING
STEAMING, CHEMICAL
TREATMENT, WET
PROCESSING AS IN
LAUNDERING.
2.DURABLE QUALITY
STRENGTH
ABRASION RESISTANCE
PILLING
SNAGGING
SEAM STRENGTH
FARIC THICNESS
1.STRENGTH
TENSILE STRENGTH –
IT IS THE RESISTANCE OF A
MATERIAL SUBJECT TO TENSION
(STRESS).
IT IS MEASURED BY THE MINIMUM
AMOUNT OF SUCH FORCE
REQUIRED TO RUPTURE (BREAK)
THE MATERIAL.
THREE PRINCIPLES :
CRT : CONSTANT RATE OF
TRAVERSE
CRE : CONSTANT RATE OF
EXTENSION
CRL : CONSTANT RATE OF
LOADING
BREAKING STRENGT H:
MAXIMUM FORCE NEEDED TO
RESIST THE RUPTURE DURING THE
TENSILE TEST.
WHEN THE ENSION OR PULLING
FORCE BECOMES GREATER THAN
THE MATERIAL’S ABILITY TO
WITHSTAND THE TENSION, THE
FABRICS BREAKS (RUPTURE).
FOUR TYPES : -
GRAB TEST
MODIFIED GRAB TEST
STRIP TEST
REVELED STRIP TEST
2.ABRASION RESISTANCE
ABRASION IS THE WEARING • ABRASION –TEST METHODS
AWAY OF A SELECTION OF • ❑ ROTARY PLATFORM, DOUBLE
MATERIAL BY THE RUBBING HEAD METHOD
AGAINST ANOTHER SURFACE.
• ❑ FLEXING AND ABRASION
• FABRIC TO FABRIC (SAME OR
OTHER) MEHTOD ❑ INFLATED
• FABRIC TO OTHER MATERIALS DIAPHRAGM MEHTOD ❑
OSCILLATORY CYLINDER
FACTORS AFFECTING ABRASION MEHTOD ❑UNIFORM ABRASION
RESISTANCE : - METHOD (MARTINDALE)
MATERIAL, ❑IMPELLER TUMBLE MEHTOD
SURFACE,
YARN,
WEAVE,
PRESURE APPLIED,
TENSION,
NUMBER OF ABRASION.

3.PILLING RESISTANCE
❑PILLING IS THE FORMATION OF
CLUSTERS OF BALLS OF
ENTANGLED FIBRES ON THE
SURFACE OF THE MATERIAL
OCCURING FROM SURFACE
RUBBING.
❑ PILLING PROPENSITY =
TENDENCY TO FORM PILL.
❑ LINT PILL = FIBRES + EXTRA
MATTERS OR LINTS
❑ REGULAR PILLS = ONLY THE
SAME FIBRES FACTORS
AFFECTING PILLING RESISTANCE
: - (MATERIAL, SURFACE, YARN,
WEAVE, PRESURE APPLIED,
TENSION, NUMBER OF CYCLES,
MOISTURE)
PILLING –TEST METHODS
❑ BRUSH AND FABRIC TO
FABRIC METHOD
❑ RANDOM TUMBLE PILLING
METHOD
PILLING RESISTANCE –
EVALUATION THE SPECIMENS
ARE RATED BY COMPARING
THEM WITH ACTUAL SAMPLES
OR REPLICA PHOTOGRAPHS
AND THE
FOLLOWING RATING IS GIVEN :
- CLASS 5 – NO PILLING
CLASS 4 – SLIGHT PILLING
CLASS 3 – NOTICEABLE
PILLING CLASS 2 –
CONSIDERABLE PILLING CLASS
1 – SEVERE PILLING A SPECIAL
LIGHT BOX IS USED FOR
VIEWING THE SAMPLES
4.SNAGGING RESISTANCE
❑ FORMATION OF LOOPS OF
YARN BY SUDDEN CONTACT
WITH SOME SHARP OBJECT
LIKE PIN, NAILS ETC.
❑ TESTING IS DONE BY
BEAN BAG TESTER ICI MACE
SNAG TESTER
5.FABRIC STIFFNESS

IT IS MEASURED BY
MEASURING IS BENDING
LENGTH.

ITS GIVES THE IDEA ABOUT

THE FABRIC FLEXIBILITY
(FLEXURAL RIGIDITY)

FACTORS AFFECTING ARE

MATERIAL,
YARN,
WEAVE / KNITS (EPI/PPI),
FINISHES APPLIED ETC.
3.COMFORT QUALITY
PARAMETER IS DETERMINED BY
THESE

THE COMFORT QUALITY

PARAMETER OF THE TEXTILE
REFERS TO THE TOUCH AND FEEL
OF THE FABRIC. IT IS
DETERMINED
BY HOW CUSTOMER FEELS AFTER
WEARING IT AND HOW THE
TEXTILE REACTS IN DIFFERENT
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
1.AIR PERMEABILITY –
FABRIC AIR PERMEABILITY IS A
MEASURE TO WHAT EXTENT IT GIVES
AIR PASSING THROUGH THE FABRIC. IT
DEPENDS ON WEIGHT, THICKNESS AND
POROSITY OF
FABRIC. THE POROSITY OF FABRIC IS
THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE AIR GAP How the Test Works: A circle of fabric is
AS A PERCENTAGE
clamped into the tester and through the use of a
WITHIN THE FABRIC. AIR
PERMEABILITY AND FABRIC POROUS vaccum, the air pressire is made different on one
STRUCTURE ARE CORRELATED AND side of the fabric. Airflow will occur from
INDICATE THE the side with higher air pressure, through the
BREATHABILITY WHICH MAKES GREAT fabric, to the side with the lower air pressure.
DIFFERENCES IN THE PERFORMANCE From this rate of air flow, the air permability of
OF MATERIALS. THAT IS TO SAY, AIR
the fabric is determined.
PERMEABILITY AND POROUS FABRIC
STRUCTURE AFFECT HOW
BREATHABLE A GARMENT IS. THE
POROUS ARE BY
VOIDS BETWEEN WEFT AND WARP
YARNS IN THE FABRICS. THE AIR
PASSES THROUGH THE PORES FROM
THE
SURFACE OF THE FABRIC. TIGHTNESS
FACTOR CAN BE USED FOR FABRIC AIR
PERMEABILITY FORECASTING
2.DRAPE - DRAPE IS THE
ABILITY OF A FABRIC TO FALL
UNDER ITS OWN WEIGHT
INTO WAVY FOLDS OF DIFFERENT
NATURE. FABRIC
DRAPE CAN BE EVALUATED
OBJECTIVELY AS WELL AS
SUBJECTIVELY.

OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF
DRAPE

DRAPE OF FABRIC CAN BE

STUDIED BY OBJECTIVE
ASSESSMENT AND THIS IS DONE
WITH THE HELP OF AN
INSTRUMENT.
MONOPLANAR TEST IS USED TO
MEASURE FABRIC DRAPE
QUANTITATIVELY.
4.STRETCHABILITY - A
FABRIC THAT STRETCHES
LENGTHWISE OR WIDTHWISE OR
IN ALL DIRECTIONS WITH
THE BODY MOVEMENT IS
CALLED AS STRETCHABLE
FABRIC. STRETCH FABRICS ARE
CATEGORIZED AS
WARP STRETCH AND WEFT
STRETCH. THE WEFT STRETCH
FABRICS ARE MAJORLY FOUND
AS IT IS EASIER TO
INSERT SPANDEX YARN IN THE
FABRICS AT THE TIME OF
WEAVING WITH THE WEFT
INSERTION. DIFFERENT
TERMS ARE USED BY FABRIC
TRADERS FOR THE STRETCH
FABRICS SUCH AS 2-WAY
STRETCH, 4-WAY
STRETCH, AND ALL-WAY
STRETCH FABRIC. THE COMMON
TESTING PARAMETERS OF THE
STRETCHABLE
FABRICS INCLUDES 
 ELONGATION PERCENTAGE
AND 
 STRETCH RECOVERY TIME
5.STIFFNESS - STIFFNESS IS A
SPECIAL PROPERTY OF FABRIC. IT IS
THE TENDENCY OF FABRIC TO KEEP
STANDING
WITHOUT ANY SUPPORT. STIFFNESS IS
ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED
PARAMETERS TO JUDGE BENDING
RIGIDITY AND FABRIC HANDLING.
THE DEGREE OF FABRIC STIFFNESS IS
RELATED TO ITS PROPERTIES SUCH AS
FIBER MATERIAL, YARN AND
FABRIC STRUCTURE.

STIFFNESS TESTER
 STIFFNESS TESTER IS USED TO
DETERMINE THE STIFFNESS OF
FABRICS. INSTRUMENT
USED IN THE MEASUREMENT OF
STIFFNESS
 THE SHIRLEY STIFFNESS TESTER 
THE DRAPE METER
THE HEART LOOP TEST
 THE SHIRLEY STIFFNESS TESTER A
FABRIC TESTING INSTRUMENT THAT IS
USED FOR DETERMINE THE
STIFFNESS OF FABRICS.
WHAT IS QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (QMS) IS DEFINED AS A FORMALIZED SYSTEM THAT DOCUMENTS PROCESSES, PROCEDURES,
POLICIES, AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR ACHIEVING QUALITY POLICIES AND OBJECTIVES. A QMS HELPS COORDINATE AND DIRECT AN
ORGANIZATION’S ACTIVITIES TO MEET CUSTOMER AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS AND IMPROVE ITS EFFECTIVENESS AND
EFFICIENCY ON A CONTINUOUS BASIS.
THE QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CAME INTO BEING WITH THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AS MEANS OF ENSURING
PREDICTABLE OUTCOMES WITH LARGER VOLUMES AND MORE SPECIALISATION. IN ORDER TO DELIVER A QUALITY PRODUCT, A SYSTEM
RATHER THAN ONE HUMAN NEEDED TO BE PUT IN PLACE TO ENSURE QUALITY ACROSS THE PRODUCTION LINE OR VALUE CHAIN.
BENEFITS OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
IMPLEMENTING A QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AFFECTS EVERY ASPECT OF AN ORGANIZATION'S PERFORMANCE. BENEFITS OF A DOCUMENTED QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INCLUDE:
MEETING THE CUSTOMER’S REQUIREMENTS, WHICH HELPS TO INSTILL CONFIDENCE IN THE ORGANIZATION, IN TURN LEADING TO MORE CUSTOMERS, MORE SALES, AND MORE REPEAT BUSINESS
MEETING THE ORGANIZATION'S REQUIREMENTS, WHICH ENSURES COMPLIANCE WITH REGULATIONS AND PROVISION OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN THE MOST COST- AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT MANNER,
CREATING ROOM FOR EXPANSION, GROWTH, AND PROFIT
THESE BENEFITS OFFER ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGES, INCLUDING:
DEFINING, IMPROVING, AND CONTROLLING PROCESSES
REDUCING WASTE
PREVENTING MISTAKES
LOWERING COSTS
FACILITATING AND IDENTIFYING TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
ENGAGING STAFF
SETTING ORGANIZATION-WIDE DIRECTION
COMMUNICATING A READINESS TO PRODUCE CONSISTENT RESULTS
ELEMENTS AND REQUIREMENTS OF A QMS
EACH ELEMENT OF A QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM HELPS ACHIEVE THE OVERALL GOALS OF MEETING THE CUSTOMERS’ AND ORGANIZATION’S REQUIREMENTS. QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS SHOULD ADDRESS AN
ORGANIZATION’S UNIQUE NEEDS; HOWEVER, THE ELEMENTS ALL SYSTEMS HAVE IN COMMON INCLUDE:
1THE ORGANIZATION’S QUALITY POLICY AND QUALITY OBJECTIVES
2QUALITY MANUAL
3PROCEDURES, INSTRUCTIONS, AND RECORDS
4DATA MANAGEMENT
5INTERNAL PROCESSES
6CUSTOMER SATISFACTION FROM PRODUCT QUALITY
7IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES
8QUALITY ANALYSIS
4
https://asq.org/quality-resources/quality-management-system
https://sitemate.com/uk/resources/articles/quality/types-of-qualit
y-management-systems/
https://textilevaluechain.in/in-depth-analysis/articles/textile-articles/functional-and-aesthetic-aspects-in-appare
l/
http://www.tikp.co.uk/knowledge/material-functionality/crease-and-wrinkle-resistance/index.html
https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/4183/technical-parameters-of-the-textile
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/13/3687/htm
https://www.testextextile.com/factors-of-effect-and-test-methods-for-the-snagging-resistance-of-fabrics/