EMBRIOLOGI

ALFRED PAKPAHAN

Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Trisakti
Embriologi Umum
Perkembangan Zygot s/d Blastula
Tahap diferensiasi
Lapisan embrionik
 Definisi dan Pengertian
 Embriologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang embrio
(mudigah)
 Embriologi berasal dari kata embrio dan logos
Embrio : sesuatu dalam tingkat perkembangan awal
Logos : ilmu
 Embrio : masa perkembangan dari zigot sampai dengan
fetus/janin
 Embriogenesis adalah proses pembentukan dan
perkembangan embrio. Proses ini merupakan tahapan
perkembangan sel setelah mengalami pembuahan atau
fertilisasi. 
 Embryology

From Egg to Embryo

A. Terms
1. Pregnancy – events occurring from the
time of fertilization (conception) until
the infant is born
2. Gestation period – extends from the last
menstrual period until birth (280 days)
Embryonic development in Human
 Gametes join in fertilization

 We’ve already learned how gametes are produced

(gametogenesis) through meiosis
 What process produces every other cell in the human
body?
 MITOSIS
 Embryology

3. Conceptus – refers to the developing offspring at

any time during the pregnancy
A) Pre-embryo – first two weeks following
fertilization
B) Embryo – from the third through the eighth
weeks after fertilization
C) Fetus – ninth week through birth
D) Infant – at birth
 Fertilization
 Divided into 4 steps:
 1. Contact and recognition (“Casual
Introductions”)
 Sperm undergo capacitation (further maturation)
within the female reproductive tract
 Recall that sperm were produced in the testes and
matured in the epididymus until ejaculation
 Sperm reach the egg in the oviduct where
fertilization will occur
 Embryology

B. Fertilization – fusion of sperm and egg

1. Copulation must occur accordingly
A) Egg is viable for 12-24 hrs after ovulation
B) Sperm is viable for 24-72 hrs after ejaculation
C) Copulation must occur no more than three
days before ovulation and no later than 24
hours after
 Embryology

2. Sperm must reach the egg

A) Only a few hundred thousand sperm in a males ejaculate
actually make it to the uterine tubes
1) Millions leak immediately from the vagina
2) Millions are destroyed by acidity of the
vagina
3) Only about 2,000-3,000 sperm actually
make it to the egg
 2. Sperm Entry
 Only ONE sperm is allowed to enter
 Fast block - electrical charge in egg plasma membrane
prevents polyspermy
 Slow block - depolarization of egg plasma membrane
due to Ca++ release
 3. Egg Activation
 The release of calcium ions in egg plasma membrane
also triggers protein synthesis

 4. Fusion
 The sperm nucleus is propelled to the egg nucleus by
microtubules
 Embryology
3. Sperm must penetrate the egg
A) requires capacitation, an acrosomal reaction,
and fertilization membrane formation
1) Capacitation – as the sperm swims towards
the oocyte, the cholesterol that keeps the
acrosome “tough” degrades causing the
membrane to weaken and the enzymes
within to be released
a) Takes about 6-8 hours
 Embryology

2) Acrosomal reaction – release of the acrosomal

enzymes triggered by the sperm coming into contact
with oocyte membranes
a) First-arriving sperm create holes in the corona
radiata
i) it often takes hundreds of sperm to create the
holes
b) A later-arriving sperm reaches the zona pellucida and
releases enzymes creating a hole in the zona pellucida
 Embryology

c) Once the sperm reaches the oocyte

membrane, its nucleus is pulled into the oocyte
cytoplasm
3) Upon entry of the nucleus, the oocyte creates a
fertilization membrane just beneath the zona
pellucida
a) forces out other entering sperm & prevents
entry of future sperm
 Embryology

4. Meiosis II must be completed

A) After a sperm’s nucleus enters the oocyte, the
secondary oocyte completes meiosis II and ejects the
second polar body
B) The ovum and the sperm nuclei swell to form the male
and female pronuclei which merge giving rise to the
zygote
1) zygote – fertilized egg
 Embryology

C) Twins
1) in most pregnancies, only a single egg is
fertilized resulting in a single, implanted
embryo; there are, however, times when
multiple embryos are produced and
implant themselves in the uterus
resulting in multiple fetuses
 Embryology

a) fraternal (non-identical) twins – result

when the female produces more than one
oocyte during her monthly cycle (and more
than one is fertilized)
i) children may be of the same sex or
different sexes and are not genetically
identical
 Embryology

b) identical twins – result when a single

zygote splits into multiple embryos
following fertilization
i) children will be of the same sex and
genetically identical
Let the Division Begin!
 Embriogenesis

Merupakan proses-proses yang berkaitan dengan

perkembangan embrio, meliputi :
• Pembelahan zigot / Morulasi
• Blastulasi
• Gastrulasi
• Neurolasi
 Embriogenesis akan dilanjutkan dengan
organogenesis
 Morulasi

 Morula : suatu bentukan sel seperti bola (bulat) akibat

pembelahan sel terus menerus.
 Keberadaan antara satu sel dengan sel yang lain
adalah rapat.
 Morulasi : proses terbentuknya morula.
 Dalam fase ini zigot membelah secara mitosis
berturut-turut sehingga menjadi 2, 4, 8, 16 dan
akhirnya 32 buah sel.
 Cleavage follows fertilization

 Cleavage is a series of rapid mitotic divisions (without

cell growth)
 The two-celled zygote divides repeatedly until a ball
of 32 cells is formed

 This is the morula - 32 cells

 Continued divisions make the hollow blastula

 These few cells are pluripotent (have the potential to become ANY
of the 220 types of cells in the human body).
 These are embryonic stem cells
 Blastulasi

 Blastula : bentukan lanjutan dari morula yang terus

mengalami pembelahan.
 Bentuk blastula ditandai dengan mulai adanya perubahan
sel dengan mengadakan pelekukan yang tidak beraturan.
 Di dalam blastula terdapat cairan sel yang disebut dengan
Blastosoel.
 Blastulasi : proses terbentuknya blastula.
 Pada fase blastula ditandainya dengan terjadinya
pembentukan rongga tubuh dan jaringannya.
 Gastrulasi

  Gastrula : bentukan lanjutan dari blastula yang

pelekukan tubuhnya sudah semakin nyata dan
mempunyai lapisan dinding tubuh embrio serta
rongga tubuh.
 Pada fase ini terjadi pembentukan 3 lapisan pada
dinding rahim, yaitu ektoderm, mesoderm, dan
endoderm.
 Gastrulasi : proses pembentukan gastrula.
 Early embryonic development in animals

1 The zygote of an animal undergoes 2 Only one cleavage 3 In most animals, cleavage results in the
a succession of mitotic cell divisions stage–the eight-cell formation of a multicellular stage called a blastula.
called cleavage. embryo–is shown here. The blastula of many animals is a hollow ball of cells.

Blastocoel

Cleavage Cleavage

6 The endoderm of
the archenteron de-
velops into the tissue Eight-cell stage Blastula Cross section
lining the animal’s Zygote of blastula
digestive tract.
Blastocoel
Endoderm
5 The blind pouch
formed by gastru-
lation, called
the archenteron,
Ectoderm
opens to the outside
via the blastopore. Gastrula Gastrulation
Blastopore 4 Most animals also undergo gastrulation, a rearrangement of the
embryo in which one end of the embryo folds inward, expands, and
eventually fills the blastocoel, producing layers of embryonic tissues: the
ectoderm (outer layer) and the endoderm (inner layer).
Gastrulation
Hasil Gastrulasi
 Neurolasi

• Merupakan organogenesis awal

• Diawali dengan pembentukan lempeng neural
(neural plate) pada akhir gastrulasi
• Dilanjutkan dengan pembentukan notokord
• Selanjutnya lempeng neuron akan melipat ke dalam
& menggulung menjadi tabung neuron (neural tube)
 Pembentukan neurolasi, bentuk primitif &
merupakan masa kritis perkembangan
 Organogenesis

 Organogenesis : proses pembentukan organ-organ tubuh pada

makhluk hidup. Organ yang dibentuk ini berasal dari masing-
masing lapisan dinding tubuh embrio pada fase gastrula.
1.    Lapisan Ektoderm akan berdiferensiasi menjadi cor (jantung),
otak (sistem saraf), integumen (kulit), rambut dan alat indera.
2.    Lapisan Mesoderm akan berdiferensiasi menjadi otot, rangka
(tulang/osteon), alat reproduksi (testis dan ovarium), alat
peredaran darah dan alat ekskresi.
3.    Lapisan Endoderm akan berdiferensiasi menjadi alat
pencernaan, kelenjar pencernaan, dan alat respirasi.
 Organogenesis

 Selanjutnya, zigot membentuk embrio yang diselubungi dan dilindungi oleh

selaput kuning telur (bagian ini tidak berkembang pada janin manusia), yaitu:
1. Amnion yaitu selaput yang berhubungan langsung dengan embrio dan
menghasilkan cairan ketuban. Berfungsi untuk melindungi embrio dari
guncangan.
2. Korion yaitu selaput yang terdapat diluar amnion dan membentuk jonjot yang
menghubungkan dengan dinding utama uterus. Bagian dalamnya terdapat
pembuluh darah.
3. Alantois yaitu selaput terdapat di tali pusat dengan jaringan epithel menghilang
dan pembuluh darah tetap. Berfungsi sebagai pengatur sirkulasi embrio dengan
plasenta, mengangkut sari makanan dan O 2, termasuk zat sisa dan CO2.
4. Sacus vitelinus yaitu selaput yang terletak diantara plasenta dan amnion yang
merupakan tempat munculnya pembuluh darah yang pertama.
 4. Organogenesis
Organogenesis Purpose:
 Formation of organs from three germ layers
 Differentiation & continued Morphogenesis
1. Ectoderm will form the following:
 Epidermis
 Lining of mouth & rectum
 Cornea of eye
 Lens of eye
 Nervous system
 Thin linings of gut & branches
 lining of excretory ducts, bladder
 Lining of lungs, trachea
 Lining of reproductive ducts, uterus, vas deferens
 liver
 pancreas
 Organogenesis
2. Mesoderm will form the following:
 Skeleton,
 Muscles (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
 Dermis of skin
 Heart, blood, blood vessels
 Kidneys,
 Ovaries/testes, etc.
 Organogenesis

3. Ectoderm forms the

following:
Epidermis
How Nervous system gets
inside
a. Dorsal surface of embryo
forms Neural plate
b. Plate sinks inward forming
Neural groove
c. Edges of groove fuse to
separate Neural tube from
epidermis
 Organogenesis

 Dalam organogenesis terdapat 2 hal yang perlu

diperhatikan:
1.     Semua embrio mengalami embriogenesis dengan
menempuh tahap-tahap embriogenesis yang dimilki leluhur
secara evolusi.
2.     Ada beberapa bagian tubuh embrio yang pada suatu
ketika berkembang lalu susut dan hilang, atau berubah letak
dan peranan dibandingkan dengan asal-usul, sebaliknya ada
suatu bagian yang pada asal-usul susut dan tidak berperan
tapi jadi berkembang.
 Kelainan pada Embrio

1. Kelainan Perkembangan Embrio

    Pada saat proses perkembangan embrio juga sering terdapat
kelainan yang disebut kelainan perkembangan. Orang yang memiliki
kelainan biasanya akan terlihat sejak lahir sehingga disebut juga
kelainan bawaan atau anomaly congenital ataupun malformasi
congenital.
a). Malformasi congenital adalah abnormalitas (kelainan) anatomi pada
waktu di lahirkan.
b). Aneuploidi yaitu berkurang atau bertambahnya jumlah kromosom
dari 46, yaitu hipodiplodi (biasanya 45) atau hiperdiplodi (biasanya 47-
49).
 Kelainan pada Embrio

2. Kelainan Struktur Kromosom 

Kebanyakan kelainan struktur kromosom di sebabkan faktor
lingkungan seperti oleh radiasi, bahan kimia, virus. Berbagai kelainan
yang dikenal sebagai berikut:
a)    Kromosom cincin tipe lain dari delesi yaitu kedua ujung kromosom
yang berlawanan patah, dan ujung-ujung yang tersisa bersatu dan
membentuk cincin.
b)    Mosaik terjadi bila pada seseorang di dalam tubuhnya
mengandung berbagai campuran kariotip baik autosom maupun
kromosom seks.
c)    Malformasi disebabkan mutasi gen, diperkirakan 10-15%
malformasi kongenital disebabkan adanya gen-gen mutan.
 Embryology

C. Pre-embryonic Development
1. Cleavage occurs as the zygote travels through the uterine tube and
into the uterus
A) Period of rapid mitotic divisions
1) 2-cell stage – 36 hours after fertilization
2) 4-cell stage – about 48 hours
3) 8-cell stage – about 72 hours
4) Morula – solid ball of cells that is 16 or more cells
big
 Embryology

2. The morula hollows out and fills with fluid (now

known as a blastocyst)
A) Blastocoel – hollowed-out region of the blastocyst
3. The zona pellucida disintegrates and releases the
blastocyst
A) The blastocyst is composed of 2 cell layers
1) Trophoblasts –the large flattened cells of the
outer layer
a) will take part in placenta formation
 Embryology

b) secrete hCG to prompt the corpus luteum

to continue secreting progesterone in
order to maintain the endometrium
2) Inner Cell Mass (ICM; a.k.a embryoblast) – a
cluster of small rounded cells of the inner
layer
a) becomes the actual embryo
 Gastrulation
 At the end of the cleavage stage, cells making up the blastula
move about and surface proteins help cells recognize each
other
 The gastrula is formed, which consists of 3 “germ layers”
 Endoderm
 Mesoderm
 Ectoderm
 Embryology

4. Implantation
A) When the blastocyst reaches the uterus, it initially floats
freely, receiving nourishment from the endometrial
secretions (uterine milk)
B) Six or seven days after ovulation, the trophoblast cells
embed into the endometrium and begin secreting
digestive enzymes that degrade the endometrial surface
 Embryology

C) As the endometrium is eroded, the blastocyst burrows

into the lining
D) The endometrial lining reacts by growing over the
blastocyst
E) The chorion develops from the trophoblast cells
starting to give rise to the placenta
5. Placenta Formation
A) Functions to exchange waste products and blood gases
 Embryology

B) The chorion develops chorionic villi which

extend into the endometrium where they
come into contact with maternal blood supply
C) Placenta takes over the role of secreting hCG
and also secretes relaxin
1) causes the pubic symphysis to soften and
become more flexible
 Embryology

Embryonic Development
A. The blastocyst is converted into the gastrula in which the
embryonic membranes develop and three primary germ layers
form
1. Gastrulation – process by which the embryonic
tissues are formed
2. The embryonic membranes form as the inner
cell mass splits to form upper and lower cell
layers
 Embryology

A) Amnion (amniotic sac) – forms from the

upper cell layer
1) This sac fills with amniotic fluid that provides a buoyant
environment that protects the developing embryo
B) Yolk sac – forms from the lower cell layer
1) It serves to form part of the digestive tube, produces
the earliest blood cells and blood vessels, and is the
source of primordial germ cells of the embryo’s gonads
 Embryology

C) Allantois – forms as a small out-pocketing

of the yolk sac
1) Acts as the structural base of the
umbilical cord and becomes part of the
urinary bladder
D) Chorion – develops from proliferating
trophoblast cells giving rise to the placenta
 Embryology

3. During the third week, the primary germ

layers form along the embryo
A) Ectoderm – gives rise to skin and nervous system
B) Endoderm – gives rise to the functional linings of the
digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems
C) Mesoderm – gives rise to muscle, bone, blood vessels,
kidneys and all the other components of organs (except
linings)
 Embryology

4. Circulation in fetus versus newborn

A) Fetal circulation has several adaptations so that the lungs and
liver are largely bypassed because they are non-functional
1) The umbilical vein carries oxygen- and nutrient-
rich blood from the placenta to the fetus
2) The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated,
waste-laden blood from the fetus to the
placenta
 Embryology

3) The ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale allow blood

to partially bypass the lungs
4) The ductus venosus allows blood to partially bypass
the liver
 Embryology

5. Development through the end of the

embryonic period
A) Head nearly as large as body
B) All major brain regions present; first brain waves in brain
stem
C) Liver disproportionately large and begins to form blood
cells
D) Limbs present; digits initially webbed but become
separated later
 Embryology

E) Ossification begins and spontaneous muscle contractions

occur
F) Cardiovascular system is fully functional
G) All body organs/systems present though not fully
developed
H) Final approximate crown-to-rump length is 30 mm (1.2
inches)
Events of Fetal Development
*refer to notes*
 Embryology
Parturition (Birth)
A. Initiation of labor
1. High estrogen levels induce oxytocin receptors
to increase on the myometrial cells and inhibit
progesterone secretion by the placenta
A) Weak irregular contractions begin
2. Fetal cells produce oxytocin, which stimulates
prostaglandin production by the placenta
 Embryology

A) Both hormones stimulate contraction

3. Increasing stress causes the hypothalamus
of the mother to cause oxytocin release by
the pituitary gland (posterior)
 Embryology

B. Stages of labor
1. Dilation stage – rhythmic contractions occur until the cervix
dilates 10 cm
A) The head of the fetus rotates and descends
through the pelvic outlet
2. Expulsion stage – extends from full cervical dilation (10cm)
until birth of the infant
3. Placental stage – delivery of the afterbirth
A) Consists of the placenta and its attached
membranes
 Embryology

C. Lactation
1. The breasts are prepared for lactation during
pregnancy by high blood levels of estrogen,
progesterone, and placental lactogen
A) Oxytocin is important in stimulating the “let-
down” phase
1) let-down = the actual release of milk from
the alveoli of the mammary glands
 Embryology

2) suckling also stimulates the release of oxytocin

and promotes let-down
a) the let-down will occur in BOTH breasts, not just
the suckled one
2. Colostrum is produced towards the end of the
pregnancy and for the first 2-3 days after birth
A) A pre-milk fluid that is a fat-poor fluid that contains
more protein, vitamin A, and minerals than true milk
 Embryology

3. True milk is produced around day 3 in

response to suckling which stimulates the
hypothalamus to prompt the pituitary
gland to secrete even more prolactin and
oxytocin
4. At first, ovulation and menses are absent
or irregular during nursing