CAG 2013

TANAMAN BIJIRIN DAN

BIJIAN
KULIAH 3
SEM 2 2012/2013

EFFYANTI MOHD SHUIB

 RICE GROWTH PHASE

1. VEGETATIVE GROWTH PHASE

i- germination stage
ii- seedling stage
iii- tillering stage

2. REPRODUCTIVE PHASE
i- panicle initiation
ii- booting
iii- heading
iv- flowering
3. RIPENING PHASE
i- milky stage
ii- dough stage
iii- mature grain stage
RICE GROWING ECOSYSTEM
Based on:-
◦ Land topography
◦ Rainfall pattern
◦ Availability of irrigation facilities and drainage

Rice ecosystems:-
1. Irrigated (55%, 76%)
2. Rain-fed lowland (25%, 17%)
3. Upland (13%, 4%)
4. Flood-prone/deep water (7%, 3%)

(FAO, 1993)
RICE ECOSYSTEM AND THEIR PROCDUCTIVITY

Ecosystem Harvested Yield Crops per Procductivity

area (m ha) (MT ha-1 crop-1) year (MT ha-1 y-1)
Irrigated 73.2 5.0 2.5 12.5

Rain-fed 46.2 2.5 1 2.5

lowland

Deep-water 3.7 1.0 1 1.0

Upland 3.9 1.0 1 0.12

1. IRRIGATED ECOSYSTEM
 1 @ > crops per year
 Humid and sub-humid subtropics and humid
tropics
 Rainfall variability :- i) irrigated wet season,
ii) irrigated dry season
 Gradually losing land to urbanization and
industrialization
 High cropping intensity and intensive use of
agrochemicals
 About 79 million ha grown worldwide with
average yield vary from 3-9 t/ha
East Asia: 93% irrigated area – 43% world rice
area
South and Southeast Asia: 41% irrigated
Yielding areas:-
◦ High-yielding areas: > 5 t/ha
(China, Egypt, Japan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Republic of
Korea)
◦ Medium-yielding areas : 4-5 t/ha
(Bangladesh, northwestern and southern India, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand)
◦ Low-yielding areas: < 4 t/ha
(Cambodia, eastern India, Madagascar, Nepal, Pakistan)
 Main yield limiting factors:
1. Poor input management
2. Yield and quality loses from pests
3. Inadequate water supply
4. Inefficient use of scarce irrigation water
5. Inadequate drainage – buildup of salinity
and alkalinity
6. Environmental stress
Research accomplishments:
Semi-dwarf varieties with high yield potential (10-
11 t/ha)
Short growth duration (around 100 days)
Genetic resistance to pests- greater yield stability
Tolerance for some environmental stresses e.g.
problem soils
2. RAIN-FED LOWLAND

Rice grows in bunded fields that are flooded for at least part
of the cropping season ( water depth > 50 cm for > 10 days)
Characterized by lack of water control – potential problems
with floods and drought

Divided to five sub-ecosystems:

i) Favorable rain-fed lowland
ii) Drought-prone
iii) Submergence-prone
iv) Drought-and submergence prone
v) Medium-deep water
¼ world total rice land = approx 36 million ha,
25% global rice area
Farmers grow only 1 crop of rice , but in some
areas they grow rice and a post-rice crop
(mungbean, soybean, wheat, maize or vegetables)
Productivity limitation:
◦ Adverse climate
◦ Poor soils
◦ Lack of suitable modern technologies
Substantial potential for increasing rice production:
population pressure on arable land is low
The area planted is increasing but yields remain low
Uncertainty
Farmers developed range of practices
Crops suffer from droughts, floods, pests, weeds and
soil constraints
Most farmers are poor, use traditional varieties ( do
not respond well to higher fertilizer rates)
Invest labor instead of purchasing inputs
Limited suitable varieties and associated production
technologies
3. UPLAND
Grown in Asia, Africa and Latin America
19 million ha planting area worldwide (12mil in
Asia, 3.3 mil ha in Latin America and 2.5 mil ha in
Africa)
13% total rice area , 4% world rice production
Grain yields average about 1 t/ha except in partly
mechanized farms in Latin America where yields as
high as 2-3 t/ha
Dominant rice culture in Latin America and West
Africa
Land forms vary from low-lying valley bottoms to
undulating and steep sloping lands with high runoff
and lateral water movement
Soils range from erodible badly leached alfisols in
West Africa to fertile volcanic soils in some areas in
Southeast Asia
Dry soil preparation and direct seeding in unbunded
field
Farming system ranging from shifting to permanent
cultivation
Rice crop are plant alone or in association with other
crops e.g. maize, yam, beans, cassava or banana
Factors contribute to low yield:
Biological constraints
(weeds, blast disease, brown spot, stem borers, rice
bugs, nematodes, rodents, birds)
Physical constraints
(rainfall amount and distribution, poor soil fertility)
Socioeconomic situation
(most farmers have low income, poor access to
credit, inputs and modern technologies)
4. FLOOD PRONE AND DEEP WATER

Yields are low and extremely variable – problems soils

and unpredictable drought and flood
11.4 million ha in South and Southeast Asia with average
yield about 1.5 t/ha (support over 100 million people)
Has many different environments and many types of rice
Plants must adapted to:
◦ Temporary submergence (1-10 days) @
◦ Long period of standing water in depth 50cm-400cm or > (1-5
months) @
◦ Daily tidal fluctuations ( sometimes cause complete
submergence)
 AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
Climate
◦ Rainfall
 More suited to high rainfall regions
◦ Temperature
 Optimum temperature for max rice photosynthesis is
25 -30°C ( range: 20°C – 35°C)
◦ Light period
 Generally requires about 14 hours of daylight everyday
Soil
◦ Clay, loam, dry soils