Engineering

Geological Maps
WHAT IS GEOLOGICAL MAPS?
> SPECIAL PURPOSE MAP TO SHOW THE VARIOUS GEOLOGICAL FEATURES.

 BETWEEN ABOUT 1960 AND 1980 IT WAS FASHIONABLE TO PRODUCE MAPS IN

DESCRIBING THE ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL MAPS BECAUSE IT WAS
CONSIDER AS AN IMPORTANT TO THE PROSECUTION OF ENGINEER PROJECTS.

 THE PAST
 THE PRESENT
 SYMBOLOGY
The Past

 It is useful to review the engineering geological maps that have been published.
The Present

 the engineering geologist working for consulting engineers, contractors, or firm

 Maps may:
 depict site geology and geomorphology to aid resolution to a engineer problem
 based upon data to recovered site work by engineering geologist working for a
contractor or consultant.
Symbology

 Symbols that used on engineering geological maps merits some discussion

 advantage of using symbology:
 both map user and mapmakers will become familiar to the symbols and not have
to hunt through the legend in order to seek for meaning.
Current Developments

 the desktop computer was introduce in early 1980’s and rapidly became sufficient
powerful to allow the development of graphic system and database
 the graphic system allow the production of maps ha reside in a system database,
It also modified and updated as a new information.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

 In a further development of Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided

Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system and also the Geographic Information System
(GIS)
 CAD/CAM are mostly oriented towards handling vector type of data while:
 (GIS) can handle raster data and vector
 Vector means that data is described as point, lines, surfaces, and volume
 Raster had the form of regular grid or cell structure
Two, Three-and Four-Dimensional GIS

> 2D and 3D of GIS is been developed . In 2D system the coordinate can store 2
coordinates.
GIS in Engineering Geology

 The 3 dimensional GIS system is obviously the best system in handling

engineering geological data and analyses.

 What are the 3 dimensional of GIS?

 The 3 dimensional is an information system that accomplished these
requirements. It needs the 3D geometric , 3D spatial access , and 3D topological
algorithms.
Quality of Published Information and
limitation of liability
 It contain such information that was available at the time of compilation
 it also contains interpretation of available data
An Aid to Engineering Geological
Mapping
 Author developed the system that will discuss below
Factors in the PRI

1. Layer strength
2. Layer uniformity
3. Discontinuity spacing
4. Uniformity of surface weathering profile
5. Material sensitivity to weathering or alteration
Layer Strength Rating (LS)
 Rock strength is obviously parameter of considerable significant in forms of engineering rock
Uniformity of Layer Strength (UR)
 It is important in outcrop of apparently from lithology

Maximum rating – Minimum rating

Average rating
Discontinuity Spacing (DS)

 It is important to some engineering purposes

 One of the important parameters in describing the quality of complete rock mass
Uniformity of Surface Weathering Profile
(UWP)
 Weathering rock mass is important particularly in uniformity
Sensitivity (S)

 It may be established by local experience and observation or also by test.

 Some rocks contain minerals which gives problem to engineer such as:
 gypsum
 anhydrite
 Smectites
 halite
Calculating the Problem Recognition
Index
The end rating for rock mass is

(LSR+UR+DS+UWP)x S =PRI
Rock Mass Classification

 Gives information concerning the nature and three dimensional distribution of

rock materials and discontinuities.
Classification System
 It consist of one or more relations that establish empirically to comparing rock
mass parameters to engineering parameters.
Principal rock parameters that will be importance to construction are:
 Rock material strength
 rock mass deformability characters
 Rock was weathering
 And etc.

The first Classification System were developed for tunneling and underground mining as an
alternative for the analytical and numerical calculation.
Deere’s RQD and Franklin excavation
Classification
 It may be set up on the basis of limited number on determining parameters.
Bieniawski’s RMR

 (RMR) system ( Bieniawski 1989) developed in the south Africa for underground
mining. This system was based on the combination of six parameters

RMR = IRS + RQD + SPACING + CONDITION + GROUNDWATER +

ADJUSTMENT FACTOR
Barton’s Q-System

 It expressed the quality of the rock mass in the so-called Q-value.

Q= RQD/Jn x Jr/Ja x Jw/SRF

Laubsher’s Mining Rock Mass Rating
(MRMR)
 (1990) RMR modified the classification of Bieniawski (RMR)

RMR = IRS + RQD + Spacing + Conditon

MRMR = RMR x ADJUSTMENT Factors
Modified Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion
and Geological Strength Index (GSI)

 It joined rock masses

Hudson’s Rock Engineering System (RES)

Relates the interaction of parameters that have an influence on engineering
discontinuous rock masses.
Slope Stability Probability Classification
(SSPC)
 Estimate the probability of the stability od existing slopes to be cut.
DISCUSSION :
Rock mass classification system have been modified since their inception and may
well be further modified increasing experience.
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