NOTEBOOK LESSON

KATHERINE I.Here
BRAVO
starts the
TEACHER - BROADCASTER
MATHEMATICS 8 lesson!
REVIEW
TIME
Counting
Outcomes
 OUTCOMES
It is the result of a single trial of an
experiment.
 OUTCOMES
It is the result of a single trial of an
experiment.

Tree Diagram Table

Fundamental Counting
Systematic Listing Principle
1 In how many
ways
can three people
sit in
a b en ch ?
1 In how many
can three people
ways
sit in
a bench?

6 ways
1 In how many
can three people
ways
sit in
a bench?
6 way s
Solution:
3x2x1=6
2 Kate tosses a
coin
three times. Show
the
outcomes using
tree
diagram.
 Kate tosses a c
oin three times.

2 Show the outco

diagram.
Solution:
mes using tree
1st 2nd
3 rd

8 outcomes
3 A factory makes
in 5 colors, 4 desi
T-shirts
gn s a n d
3 sizes. How
m a ny
different t-shirts
can be
m a d e?
 A factory makes
3 in 5 colors, 4 des
3 sizes. How
T-shirts
igns and
many
different t-shirts
can be
made?
60 outcomes
 A factory makes
3 in 5 colors, 4 des
3 sizes. How
T-shirts
igns and
many
different t-shirts
can be
made?
60 outcomes Solution:
5 x 4 x 3 = 60
4 How many differe
4-letter codes can
nt
be
formed from the l
etters
M, A, T, H? Show
using
systematic listing.
4 How many differe
4-letter codes
nt
can be
formed from the
letters
M, A, T, H?

24 outcomes
 How many di
fferent 4-letter

4 can be formed
A, T, H?
Solution:
from the lette
codes
rs M,

MATH ATH
M THMA H
MAHT ATM TAM
24 outcomes MTH H THAM HTM
A AMHT TM A
MTAH AMT AH HMAT
H TMHA H
MHTA AHT MTA
M TAMH H
MHAT AHM ATM
T TAHM HA
MT
5 A fastfood store o
appetizers, 5 main
ffers 4
courses
and 4 desserts. Ho
w ma n y
different meals ar
e
available?
 A fastfood store
offers 4
5 appetizers,
courses and 4
5 main
desserts.
How many
different
meals are availabl
e?
80 different me
als
 A fastfood store
offers 4
5 appetizers,
courses and 4
5 main
desserts.
How many
different
meals are availabl
80 different me
als
e?
Solution:
5 x 4 x 4 = 80
 THEORETICAL
and
EXPERIMENTAL
PROBABILITY
 THEORETICAL
01 PROBABILITY
THEORETICAL PROBABILITY
In this probability, equally likely
outcomes are required. This classical
approach to probability of an event in
a sample space is based on ideal
occurrences.
THEORETICAL PROBABILITY
The probability of event E with
equally likely outcomes to occur as
the other event is
  𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝐸 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
  𝑛 ( 𝐸)
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛 (𝑆 )
THEORETICAL PROBABILITY
The probability of event E with equally
likely outcomes to occur as the other event
is
  𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝐸 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
  𝑛 ( 𝐸)
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛 (𝑆 )

This method is called Priori method.

E xa m p le
1
If a die is rolled, find the
probability of getting an
even number.
E x a mpl e 1 If a die is rolled, find the
probability of getting an even
number.
Given:
Sample Space: S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Therefore n (S) = 6
 pl e 1 If a die is rolled, find the
E xa m
probability of getting an even
number.
Given:
Sample Space: S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Therefore n (S) = 6
 
𝐸 =𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
 
= {2, 4, 6}
n (even number) = 3
E x a mpl e 1 If a die is rolled, find the
probability of getting an
even number.
 
Given: =6
 
() = 3
Formula:
 
P (even number)
E x a mpl e 1 If a die is rolled, find the
probability of getting an
even number.
Solution:   P (even number)
 
=6 P  (even number
 
()=3   𝟏
¿
𝟐
E x a mpl e 2
From a box containing 16
black ballpens and 14 red
ballpens, a ballpen is drawn
at random. What is the
probability of drawing red
ballpen?
 mpl e 2 From a box containing 16 black
E x a
ballpens and 14 red ballpens, a
ballpen is drawn at random. What
is the probability of drawing red
ballpen?
Given:
16 black ballpens and 14 red ballpens
Therefore: n (S) = 30
 e 2 From a box containing 16 black ballpens
Exampl
and 14 red ballpens, a ballpen is drawn at
random. What is the probability of
drawing red ballpen?
Given:
16 black ballpens and 14 red ballpens
Therefore: n (S) = 30
E = red ballpen
 
n () = 14
 e 2 From a box containing 16 black ballpens
Exampl
and 14 red ballpens, a ballpen is drawn at
random. What is the probability of
drawing red ballpen?
n (S) = 30  n () = 14

Solution:
  𝑛 ( 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑝𝑒𝑛 )
𝑃 (¿ ballpen )=
𝑛 (𝑆 )
  𝟏𝟒  𝟕
𝑷 (𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒑𝒆𝒏)= ¿
𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟓
E x a mpl e 3

A letter from the word

PHILIPPINES is randomly
chosen. What is the probability
that it is a vowel?
 e 3 A letter from the word PHILIPPINES is
Exampl
randomly chosen. What is the probability
that it is a vowel?

Given:
Sample Space: S = {P, H, I, L, I, P, P, I, N, E,
S}
Therefore: n (S) = 11
 e 3 A letter from the word PHILIPPINES is
Exampl
randomly chosen. What is the probability
that it is a vowel?
Given:

Sample Space: S = {P, H, I, L, I, P, P, I, N, E,

S}
Therefore: n (S) = 11
E = vowel
   
= {I, I, I, E} =4
E x a mpl e 3 A letter from the word PHILIPPINES is
randomly chosen. What is the probability
that it is a vowel?
   
= 11 () = 4
Solution:
 

 
 PE RI ME N TA L
EX 02
PROBABILITY
 EXPERIMENTAL
In this PROBABILITY
probability, relative frequency
approximation is used. Experiment is
done repeatedly and simple
determination of the frequency of the
occurrence of the event vary from one
observation to another.
 EXPERIMENTAL
PROBABILITY
The probability of event E which is
based on the actual result is as
follows:
  𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
 EXPERIMENTAL
PROBABILITY
The probability of event E which is
based on the actual result is as
follows:
  𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )=
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

This method is called Posteriori method.

E x a mpl e 1
Determine the probability of
getting head when a coin is tossed
fifteen times.
E x a mpl e 1 Determine the probability of
getting head when a coin is tossed
ten times.

Solution:
Number of times event H occurred = 5
E x a mpl e 1
Determine the probability of getting head when a
coin is tossed ten times.

Solution:
Number of times event H occurred = 5
Number of times experiment is repeated = 15
E x a mpl e 1
Determine the probability of getting head when a
coin is tossed ten times.

Solution:
Number of times event H occurred = 5
Number of times experiment is repeated = 15
  𝟓𝟏
 
𝑷 ( 𝑯 )=
¿ or 33.33%
𝟏𝟓𝟑
E x a mpl e 2
Determine the probability of
getting a Head and a 1 when a coin
and a die are tossed by performing
an actual experiment using 20
trials.
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Coin T H T H T T T T T H T T T T T T T T T T
Die 4 1 3 1 3 2 3 6 5 1 2 4 1 3 5 2 6 3 1 2
 2 Determine the probability of getting a Head
E x a mpl e and a 1 when a coin and a die are tossed by
performing an actual experiment using 20
trials.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Trial
0
Coin T T T T T T T T T T
T H T H T T T T T H
Die 2 4 1 3 5 2 6 3 1 2
4 1 3 1 3 2 3 6 5 1

Solution:
Number of times event (H, 1) occurred = 3
 2 Determine the probability of getting a Head
E x a mpl e and a 1 when a coin and a die are tossed by
performing an actual experiment using 20
trials.
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
0
Coin T H T H T T T T T H T T T T T T T T T T

Die 2 4 1 3 5 2 6 3 1 2
4 1 3 1 3 2 3 6 5 1
Solution:
Number of times event (H, 1) occurred = 3
Number  of times experiment is repeated = 20
𝟑
𝑷 ( 𝑯 ,𝟏) =
𝟐𝟎
E x a mpl e 3
Lea spins the spinner with two
colors (green and blue) five times.
What is the probability of spinning
Green color?
Trial 1 2 3 4 5

Color B G G G B
 l e 3 Lea spins the spinner with two colors
E xa mp
(green and blue) five times. What is the
probability of spinning Green color?
Trial 1 2 3 4 5

Color B G G G B
Solution:

Number of times event G occurred = 3

Number of times experiment is repeated = 5
  𝟑
𝑷 ( 𝑮 )=
𝟓
RECAP
THEORETICAL vs. EXPERIMENTAL
THEORETICA
L EXPERIMENTAL
In this probability, equally In this probability, relative
likely outcomes are required. frequency approximation is used.
Experiment is done repeatedly.
 THEORETICAL vs. EXPERIMENTAL
THEORETICA
L EXPERIMENTAL
In this probability, equally In this probability, relative
likely outcomes are required. frequency approximation is used.
Experiment is done repeatedly.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝐸 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟
    𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑃 ( 𝐸 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐸 )
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
This method is called Priori This method is called Posteriori
method. method.
ACTIVITY
TIME
 1
A card is drawn from a deck of 52
cards. What is the probability that
the card drawn is a red card?
 1
A card is drawn from a deck of 52
cards. What is the probability that
the card drawn is a red card?
Answer: P  (red) = =
 
 2
A bag contains 5 red, 4 blue and 8
yellow marbles. If a marble is drawn
at random, what is the probability
that is a yellow marble?
 2
A bag contains 5 red, 4 blue and 8 yellow
marbles. If a marble is drawn at random,
what is the probability that is a yellow
marble?
Answer: P (yellow) =
 
3a
You had tossed a coin ten times. It
turned up head 8 times. What is the
experimental probability of turning
up heads?
3a
You had tossed a coin ten times. It
turned up head 8 times. What is the
experimental probability of turning up
heads?
Answer: P (head) =
 
3b
You had tossed a coin ten times. It
turned up head 8 times. What is the
theoretical probability of turning up
heads?
3b
You had tossed a coin ten times. It
turned up head 8 times. What is the
theoretical probability of turning up
heads?
Answer: P (head) =
 
4a No. of Cube
1
2
3
Frequency
8
3
9
4 6
5 4
6 6

A number cube was rolled 36 times, what is

the theoretical probability of getting a number
greater than 4?
 4a No. of Cube
1
2
3
Frequency
8
3
9

Answer: 4 6

P (greater than 4) = =
    5 4
6 6

A number cube was rolled 36 times, what is

the theoretical probability of getting a number
greater than 4?
4b No. of Cube
1
2
3
Frequency
8
3
9
4 6
5 4
6 6

A number cube was rolled 36 times, what is

the experimental probability of getting a
number greater than 4?
 4b No. of Cube
1
2
3
Frequency
8
3
9

Answer: 4 6

P (greater than 4) = =
    5 4
6 6

A number cube was rolled 36 times, what is

the experimental probability of getting a
number greater than 4?
“It is part of probability
that many improbable
things will happen.”

—Aristotle