Welcome to

Earth and
Life Science
Class
Lesson 1:

Introduction
to Life
Science
 Objective:
✢1. Explain the evolving of life based
on emerging pieces of evidence.

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 Life
What is LIFE??

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Mentimeter
✢ Go to menti.com and use the code 9771355

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Biology
⮚ Greek word bios "life" and the suffix -logos, "study
of.“
⮚ a natural science concerned with the study of life and

living organisms, including their structure, function,

reproduction, growth, origin, evolution, distribution
interaction with other organisms, and taxonomy
Branches of Biology
✢ Mainly composed of the 3 main divisions

1. Botany – deals with the study of plants

2. Zoology – studies about various animal

groups

3. Microbiology – studies microscopic

organisms.
Branches of biology dealing with
animals:
✢ Ornithology  — The study of birds.

✢ Ichthyology — The study of fish.

✢ Entomology — The study of insects.

 Branches of Biology relevant to the
study of evolution
✢ Limnology — The study of the physical and
biological conditions of freshwater,
particularly of lakes and ponds.
✢ Ecology — The study of the interaction of
organisms with each other and with their
environment.
✢ Chemistry-based branches of biology:
✢ Biochemistry— The study of life at the
chemical level, in particular the chemistry
of proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Branches of biology dealing with
microorganisms and microscopic
structure:

✢ Cytology — The study of living cells

✢ Histology— The study of the microscopic

structure of cellular tissue.
Medical branches of biology:
✢ Anatomy — The study of the macroscopic structure
of multicellular organisms.
✢ Genetics — The study of heredity, especially the
mechanisms of hereditary transmission and variation
of inherited characteristics.
✢ Parasitology — The study of parasites.
✢ Pathology — The study of the nature of disease and
its causes, processes, development, and consequences.
✢ Physiology - The study of the physical function of
living organisms.
Others
✢ Anatomy- - structure of living things
✢ Embryology – development and growth of
multicellular life form from conception of
birth
✢ Phycology – study of algae
✢ Mycology – study of fungi
✢ Virology – study of viruses
✢ Taxonomy – classification of living things
based on their relationships which each
✢ Protozoology – study of protozoa
✢ Bacteriology – study of bacteria
✢ Herpetology – study of amphibians and reptiles
✢ Helminthology – study of worms
✢ Cell Biology – cell, in particular, their physiological
properties, structures, organelles, and method of
division.
✢ Molecular Biology - molecular composition of
organisms
✢ Aquatic Biology – study of aquatic organisms
✢ Reproductive Biology – study of reproductive
✢7 Characteristics
shared by Living
Systems

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Cellular organization
✢All organisms consist of one
or more cells. Often too tiny
to see, cells carry out the
basic activities of living

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Ordered complexity
✢All living things are both
complex and highly ordered.
Your body is composed of many
different kinds of cells, each
containing many complex
molecular structures 17
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Sensitivity
✢All organisms respond to
stimuli. Plants grow toward a
source of light, and the pupils of
your eyes dilate when you walk
into a dark room.
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Growth, development, and
reproduction
✢All organisms are capable of
growing and reproducing, and they
all possess hereditary molecules that
are passed to their offspring,
ensuring that the offspring are of the
same species. 20
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Energy utilization
✢All organisms take in energy and
use it to perform many kinds of
work. Every muscle in your body
is powered with energy you
obtain from the food you eat.
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Homeostasis
✢All organisms maintain
relatively constant internal
conditions that are different from
their environment, a process
called homeostasis.
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Evolutionary adaptation
✢All organisms interact with other
organisms and the non-living
environment in ways that
influence their survival, and as a
consequence, organisms evolve
adaptations to their environments. 26
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Evaluation
15 minutes
Evaluation
https://www.bookwidgets.com/pl
ay/2BWSS24?
teacher_id=4957932557959168

15 minutes
 Ordered Cellular
Complexity Organization
Sensitivity Growth,
development
Homeostasis and
Energy reproduction
Utilization Evolutionary
adaptation
Early Beliefs About
the Origin of Life
Aristotle (384 –322 BC)
✢Proposed the theory of
spontaneous generation
✢Also called abiogenesis
✢Idea that living things can
arise from nonliving matter
✢Idea lasted almost 2000
years

copyright cmassengale 32
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 Francesco Redi (1668)
✢ In 1668, Francesco Redi, an
Italian physician, did an
experiment with flies and wide-
mouth jars containing meat

copyright cmassengale 34
 Redi’s Experiment
✢ Hypothesis: Maggots arose from
tiny, non-visible eggs laid on meat
✢ Procedures:
✢ Put pieces of meat in several jars,
leaving half open to the air
✢ Cover the other half with thin gauze
to prevent entrance of flies

copyright cmassengale 35
Redi’s Findings
✢ He found that if a flask was
closed with a lid so adult flies
could not get in, no maggots
developed on the rotting meat
within.
✢ In a flask without a lid,
maggots soon were seen in the
meat because adult flies had
laid eggs and more adult flies
soon appeared.
copyright cmassengale 36
 Redi’s (1626-1697) Experiments
copyright cmassengale

Evidence against spontaneous generation:

1. Unsealed – maggots on meat
2. Sealed – no maggots on meat
3. Gauze – few maggots on gauze, none on meat

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copyright cmassengale
Francesco Redi

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John Needham (1748)
✢ Showed that microorganisms flourished in
various soups that had been exposed to the
air
✢ Claimed that there was a “life force”
present in the molecules of all inorganic
matter, including air and the oxygen in it,
that could cause spontaneous generation to
occur
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Lazzaro Spallanzani’s (1767)
✢ Boiled soups for almost an hour and sealed
containers by melting the slender necks
closed.
✢ The soups remained clear.
✢ Later, he broke the seals & the soups
became cloudy with microbes.

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How Do Microbes Arise?
✢ By 1860, the debate had become
so heated that the Paris Academy
of Sciences offered a prize for any
experiments that would help resolve
this conflict
✢ The prize was claimed in 1864 by
Louis Pasteur, as he published the
results of an experiment he did to
disproved spontaneous generation in
microscopic organisms
copyright cmassengale 43
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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 Pasteur's Problem
✢Hypothesis: Microbes come
from cells of organisms on dust
particles in the air; not the air
itself.
✢ Pasteur put broth into several
special S-shaped flasks
✢ Each flask was boiled and
placed at various locations
copyright cmassengale 45
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 Current Beliefs
About the Origin of
Life
Divine Creation
Panspermia

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 Assignment:
Make a digital poster on the ff. topic:
✢ a.Cosmozoic theory
GROUP 1
✢ c. Theory of spontaneous generation or
GROUP 2 ‘Abiogenesis’
GROUP 3
✢ d. Biogenesis Theory
✢ e. Oparin’s Theory
GROUP 4
✢ f. Coacervation Theory
GROUP 5

GROUP 6
✢ g. J.B.S Haldane’s Hypothesis
✢ h. Urey-Miller hypothesis

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What to do:
✢ Each group will be tasked to make a digital poster
pertaining to the historical development of the concept of
life including theories and evidences.
✢ Read the chosen topic and make your own synthesis. The
poster should be attractive and should contain important
information.

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What to do:
✢ The poster should have the following details:
○ a. Topic/ Title (e.g. Biogenesis Theory)- *at the top
○ b. Proponents (e.g. Francisco Redi)- *at the top
○ c. Leading questions (based on the topic, pose very
important question/s; it should be appealing to
audience such that they would be encouraged to read
through); (e.g. When did the first life forms emerged?
Does life come from life or non life? Explain how
Francisco Redi proved the ‘Biogenesis’ theory. *at
the bottom
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NOTE
✢ THE DIGITAL POSTER SHOULD BE IN
PDF FORMAT
✢ Deadline: TUESDAY, JAN. 26
✢ send your output to my email:
maricar.paz@deped.gov.ph
✢ FILE NAME: GROUP#-LAST NAMES
○ Ex: G1-Cruz,Pascual, Pangilinan
○
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