Digital Logic & Processors

Session 1
Introduction to Microprocessor and
Microcomputer
 Think and Answer

• List few examples of processors that you have

heard in real time.
 Intel i3, i5, i7, AMD, Pentium, etc.

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 Evolution of Processors

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 Think and Answer

• Specify the differences between microprocessor

and microcontroller.

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 Microprocessor
• Microprocessor is a device on a
single chip and having data
processing capability (arithmetic
& logic operations)
• It is used in applications where
the task is not predefined and is
assigned by user.
• Examples: Intel i3, i5, i7, core 2
duo, etc.
• Applications: Computers,
mobiles, video games, traffic
light system, etc.

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 Microcontroller
• Microcontroller is designed for a
specific task or application, and
once the program is embedded,
it can’t be altered easily.
• In addition to a processor,
microcontroller have ROM,
RAM, I/O ports, etc., on a single
chip.
• Examples: Arduino, ARM,
ATMega 328P, 8051, Atmel
AVR, etc.
• Applications: Microwave oven,
washing machine, cameras,
security alarms, etc.

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 Microcomputer
• It is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as
CPU along with memory, I/O devices, etc.
• Examples: Desktop, Laptop, etc.

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 Introduction to Microprocessor

 A Microprocessor is a multipurpose semiconductor

device which is manufactured by using VLSI
technique.
 It reads binary instruction from a storage device
called memory, accepts binary data as input and
processes data according to those instructions and
provides results as outputs.

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 Microprocessor as a
Programmable logic device

 The microprocessor is a programmable device takes input as

numbers, performs different arithmetic or logical operations on
the given data according to the program stored in memory and
then produces other numbers as a result.
 By changing the program, the microprocessor manipulates the
data in different ways.
 Each microprocessor is designed to execute a specific group of
operations. This group of operations is called an instruction set.
 This instruction set defines what the microprocessor can and
cannot do.
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 Microprocessor - Organization
Internally, the microprocessor
consists of three main units.
1. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit
(ALU)
2. The Control Unit
3. An array of registers
(memory) for holding data
while it is being
manipulated

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 Microprocessor - ALU
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
 This is the area of
Microprocessor where
various computing functions Registers

are performed on data.

 The ALU performs arithmetic
operations such as addition,
subtraction and logic
operations such as AND, OR
and exclusive OR.

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 Microprocessor – Control Unit
Control Unit
It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data
and instructions among other units of a computer.
It manages and coordinates all the units of the
computer.
It obtains the instructions from the memory,
interprets them, and directs the operation of the
computer.
It communicates with Input/output devices for
transfer of data or results from storage.
It does not process or store data.
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 Microprocessor – Register Array
Register Array
 These are storage devices to store data
temporarily.
 There are different types of registers
depending upon the Microprocessors.
 These registers are primarily used to store
data temporarily during the execution of a
8-bit register
program and are accessible to the user
through the instructions. 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0

 General purpose Registers of 8086 includes

16-bit register
AL, AH, BL, BH, CL, CH, DL, DH
1 1 0 1 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
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