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Fundamentals of Cellular Systems

This document provides an overview of cellular phone systems. It defines a cellular phone as a two-way radio that acts like a telephone, allowing simultaneous talking and listening. The city is divided into small sections called cells, each with its own antenna using a subset of channels. As users increase, cells split into smaller areas to make more efficient use of frequencies. Cells are assigned different channel groups to allow frequency reuse and avoid interference between neighboring cells. The system automatically hands off calls between cells as the user moves. Digital cellular systems offer better voice quality than analog and allow for increased capacity and data communication.

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48 views15 pages

Fundamentals of Cellular Systems

This document provides an overview of cellular phone systems. It defines a cellular phone as a two-way radio that acts like a telephone, allowing simultaneous talking and listening. The city is divided into small sections called cells, each with its own antenna using a subset of channels. As users increase, cells split into smaller areas to make more efficient use of frequencies. Cells are assigned different channel groups to allow frequency reuse and avoid interference between neighboring cells. The system automatically hands off calls between cells as the user moves. Digital cellular systems offer better voice quality than analog and allow for increased capacity and data communication.

Uploaded by

codercone
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Fundamentals of Cellular

Systems

Prepared by,
Malek Mohammed Ikram
IVth semester E.C.
C.I.T.C.
OUTLINE

What is Cellular Phone?


What is Cellular System?
How the Cellular System works?
Types of Cellular System.
What is Cellular Phone?
 A Cellular Phone is the combination of two
great technologies radio and telephone.
 A Cellular Phone is basically a two-way
Walkie-talkie that acts like a telphone. With
a Walkie-talkie, you can either talk or
listen; with a cell phone, you can talk and
listen at the same time.
What is Cellular System?
 In the cellular phone system, the city is divided into
smaller sections, or cells. Each cell contains its own
antenna and uses only a subset of all the channels. Each
antenna is lower in height and emits a much weaker signal
so that the same subset of channels can be used in a cell
somewhere else within the city. AS the entire system is
divided into group of cells it is called “Cellular System”.
Cellular System Architecture
 Cells
 Cell Splitting
 Frequency Reuse
 Clusters
 Handoffs
CELLS
 Cells are base stations transmitting
over small geographic areas that
are represented as hexagons. Each
cell size varies depending on the
landscape.
 Each cell is typically sized at about
10 square miles (26 square
kilometers).
 Each cell has a base station that
consists of a tower and a small
building containing the radio
equipment.
CELL SPLITTING
 As a service area becomes full of
users, the Cell Splitting approach is
used to split a single area into
smaller ones. The purpose of this
division is to make the most use
out of a limited number of
transmission frequencies.
 The genius of the cellular system is
the division of a city into small
cells. This allows extensive
frequency reuse across a city, so
that millions of people can use cell
phones simultaneously.
FREQUENCY REUSE
 The concept of frequency reuse is
based on assigning to each cell a
group of radio channels used
within a small geographic area.
Cells are assigned a group of
channels that is completely
different from neighboring cells.
 The Cellular system allocate a set
number of frequencies for each
cell. Two cells can use the same
frequency for different
conversations so long as the cells
are not adjacent to each other.
CLUSTERS
 A cluster is a group of
cells. No channels are
reused within a cluster
HANDOFFS
 Handoff occurs when
the mobile telephone
network automatically
transfers a call from
radio channel to radio
channel as a mobile
crosses adjacent cells
CELLULAR TRANSMISSION
 What happens when a Cell Phone places a call?
 Let's say you've just entered a phone number into your cell phone
and pressed the [SND] key. Here's what happens next:

 Scan Control Channels


 Choose Strongest
 Send Origination Message
 Get Channel Assignment
Analog Vs. Digital
Systems
 The major difference is in how the audio signals, e.g. your
voice, is transmitted between the phone and base station.
 With Analog system, the audio is modulated directly onto
a carrier. This is very much like FM radio where the audio
signal is translated to the RF signal.
 With Digital System, the audio is converted to digitalized
samples at about 8000 samples per second or so. The
digital samples are numbers that represent the time-
varying voltage level at specific points in time.
Which is Better?
 In analog cellular systems, the  In Digital cellular systems, the
quality of the call degrades as voice signals of 1s and 0s cannot
the mobile phone moves further be easily distorted plus the error
and further away from the detectors are added to improve
cellular radio station, and there the quality.
is no way to improve the quality.
 low calling capacity
 Limited subscribers  High calling capacity
 Allows more number of
 poor data communications subscribers.
 Data communication is excellent.
 minimal privacy  More privacy
 inadequate fraud protection  Adequate fraud protection
Types of Cellular System
 ANALOG SYSTEM  DIGITAL SYSTEM
 AMPS  TDMA
 EAMPS  E-TDMA
 NAMPS  FWA
 TACS  PCS
 GSM
 CDMA
THANK YOU

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