5G Link Budget

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Contents
Link Budget Overview

Link Budget Factors

Link Budget Tool Updates

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Link Budget Overview
Analyze
Analyze customer
customer requirements
requirements

Coverage Quality Spectrum Propagation  The RND 5G module is under development.

requirements requirement information model
……

Determine input  The 5G R&D network estimation prototype

parameters.
User supports only link budget and does not support
Service
Create number
Create link
link budget
budget models
planning capacity estimation.
Maximum allowed path loss
 The following table lists the supported
Obtain
Obtain the
the cell
cell radius
radius Estimate
Estimate capacity
capacity functions:
Maximum cell radius

Calculate
No. Function
Calculate the
the coverage
coverage area
area of
of Estimate
Estimate capacity
capacity Estimate
Estimate network
network
aa single base station
single base station of
of aa single
single cell
cell capacity
capacity
Maximum coverage area 1 Cell radius estimation based on the cell edge rate
of a single base station

Estimate
Estimate site
site number
number based
based Estimate
Estimate site
site number
number based
based on
on 2 Throughput estimation based on the coverage area
on coverage requirements
on coverage requirements capacity requirements
capacity requirements
Coverage estimation of each common channel or
Maximum number of BTSs 3
control channel
Estimate
Estimate site
site scale
scale

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Key Differences Between 5G and 3G/4G Link Budgets
Link Factor LTE Link Budget 5G Link Budget
RRUs are used with external antennas, AAUs are used without external antennas, which do not lead to cable loss.
Cable loss
which lead to cable loss. RRUs are used with external antennas, which lead to cable loss.
An MM antenna array is associated with multiple TRXs. One TRX corresponds to multiple
physical antennas.
A physical antenna is associated with a Total antenna gain = Gain of a single TRX antenna + Beamforming (BF) gain
single TRX. The antenna gain of a Where,
Base station antenna gain
single TRX is the gain of the physical • The antenna gain in the link budget is only the antenna gain of a single TRX.
antenna. • The BF gain is specified by the demodulation threshold.
• For details about antenna gains, see the product specifications by vising
http://3ms.huawei.com/mm/docMaintain/mmMaintain.do?method=showMMDetail&f_id=5G1
80321451649993
Propagation model Cost231-Hata 36.873 UMa/RMa 38.901Umi
Penetration loss Relatively small A higher frequency band indicates higher penetration loss.
The MM beam inherently has interference suppression effect. Therefore, it is subject to low
Interference margin Relatively large
interference.
It needs to be considered when UEs are located at a low altitude and the traffic volume is
Body block loss N/A
large, especially if mmWave is used.
If mmWave is used, rain attenuation needs to be considered in areas with intense and
Rain attenuation N/A
frequent rainfalls.
Foliage attenuation needs to be considered in areas with dense vegetation and in LOS
Foliage attenuation N/A
scenarios.

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Contents
Link Budget Overview

Link Budget Factors

Link Budget Tool Updates

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5G Link Budget Factors
gNodeB
transmit power
gNodeB
Antenna gain Link budget factors: 5G and 4G have no difference in
Cable loss Path loss Margin
antenna gain basic concepts. However, 5G introduces the impact of
Loss
body block loss, foliage loss, and rain/snow attenuation
Penetration loss (especially for mmWave).
Foliage loss
Path loss (dB) = gNodeB transmit power (dBm) – 10 x log10 (subcarrier
Body block loss quantity) + gNodeB antenna gain (dBi) – gNodeB cable loss (dB) –
penetration loss (dB) – foliage loss (dB) – body block loss (dB) –
Slow fading margin interference margin (dB) – rain/ice margin (dB) – slow fading margin (dB)
– body block loss (dB) + UE antenna gain (dB) – Thermal noise power
Interference
margin (dBm) – UE noise figure (dB) – demodulation threshold SINR (dB)

Rain/Ice
margin
UE reception sensitivity
Body loss UE antenna gain
Link budget involves 2 types of factors:
 Certain factors: Once the product form and scenario are
determined, the corresponding parameters are
accordingly determined (power, antenna gain, noise
figure, demodulation threshold, penetration loss, and Interference Margin Rain/Snow/Ice Slow Fading Margin
body loss). Margin reserved to overcome Margin The signal strength varies slowly with the
 Uncertain factors: The impact of some uncertain factors the increase of noise floor distance (complies with the normal
Margin reserved to overcome
needs to be considered (such as slow fading margin, caused by neighboring cells the high probability of signal logarithmic distribution), and is related to the
rain/snow margin, and interference margin). These and other external attenuation caused by rain, barrier of propagation, seasonal, and
factors do not occur anytime or anywhere, and are interference. The value of this snow, and ice. weather change. The slow fading margin
considered as link margins. parameter is equal to the refers to the margin reserved to ensure a
noise floor increase. certain level coverage probability in long-
term measurement.

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 5G Statistical Propagation Model
5G NR uses the 3D propagation model defined in 3GPP 36.873. The UMa, UMi, and RMa models are applicable to frequency bands 2–6 GHz
and then are extended to 0.5–100 GHz in 3GPP 38.901.
Path Loss (dB), fc (GHz), Applicability Range, Applicability Applicability
Scenario Path Loss (dB), fc (GHz), Range,
Distance (m) Antenna Height Default Values Path Loss (dB), fc (GHz), Range,
Scenario Scenario
Distance (m) Antenna Height Distance (m) Antenna Height
PL = 22.0log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
Default Values Default Values
20log10(fc) 10 m < d2D < d'BP4)
3D-UMa PL = 40log10(d3D) + 28.0 + d'BP < d2D < 5000 m4)
LOS PL1 = 20log10(40πd3Dfc /3) +
20log10(fc) – 9log10((d'BP)2 + (hBS - hBS = 25 m4), 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m4) PL = 22.0log10(d3D) + 28.0 + 10 m < d2D < d'BP1) 10 m < d2D < 5 000 m,
min(0.03h1.72,10)log10(d3D)
hUT)2) 20log10(fc) d'BP < d2D < 5000 hBS = 35 m,
3D-UMi PL = 40log10(d3D) + 28.0 +
3D-RMa – min(0.044h1.72,14.77) + hUT = 1.5 m,
m1) 0.002log10(h)d3D
LOS hBS = 10m1), 1.5 m LOS W = 20 m,
10 m < d2D < 5 000 m 20log10(fc) – 9log10((d'BP)2 + (hBS
PL = max(PL3D-UMa-NLOS, PL3D-UMa- PL2 = PL1 (dBP) + 40 log10(d3D H=5m
h = avg. building height, W = street – hUT)2) ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m1)
LOS), /dBP) H = avg. building
PL3D-UMa-NLOS = 161.04 – 7.1 log10 width height,
hBS = 25 m, 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m, W PL = 161.04 – 7.1 log10(W) + 7.5 W = street width
3D-UMa (W) + 7.5 log10 (h) – (24.37 – For hexagonal cell layout:
= 20 m, h = 20 m 10 m < d2D < 2000 log10(h) – (24.37 – 3.7(h/hBS)2) Applicability ranges:
NLOS 3.7(h/hBS)2) log10 (hBS) + (43.42 – PL = max(PL3D-UMi-NLOS, PL3D-UMi-
The applicability ranges:5 m < H < m2) 5 m < h < 50 m
3.1 log10 (hBS)) (log10 (d3D) – 3) + 3D-UMi LOS),
3D-RMa log10(hBS) + (43.42 – 3.1
50 m, 5 m < W < 50 m, 10 m < hBS < hBS = 10 m 5 m < W < 50 m
20 log10(fc) – (3.2 (log10 (17.625)) 2 NLOS PL3D-UMi-NLOS = 36.7log10(d3D) + NLOS log10(hBS)) (log10(d3D) – 3) + 20
150 m, 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 22.5 m 1.5 m ≦ hUT ≦ 10 m < hBS < 150 m
– 4.97) – 0.6(hUT – 1.5) 22.7 + 26log10(fc) – 0.3(hUT – log10(fc) – (3.2 (log10(11.75 hUT))2
Explanations: see 6) 22.5 m 1 m < hUT < 10 m
1.5) – 4.97)

Scenario Building Height (m) Street Width (m) Propagation Model Application Scenario
Dense urban 30 10
UMa Macro dense urban/urban/suburban
Urban 20 20
RMa Macro rural
Suburban 10 30
Rural 5 50 UMi Micro urban/dense urban

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 C-band 3.5 GHz Penetration Loss
Source: 3GPP 38.901 Source: Huawei tests
3.5 GHz
Classes Material/type
Penetration Loss
Outer wall of an 35 cm thick concrete wall 28
office building 2-layer energy-efficient glass with metal frames 26
Inner wall 12 cm plasterboard wall 12
76 x 2 mm, 2 layers 24
Brick
229 mm, 3 layers 28
2-layer energy-efficient glass with metal frames 26
Glass 3-layer energy-efficient glass with metal frames 34
Based on the preceding high loss formula, the 3.5 GHz penetration 2-layer glass 12
loss is calculated as follows:
5 - 10 x log(0.7 x 10^(-(23 + 0.3 x 3.5)/10) + 0.3 x 10^(-(5 + 4 x
3.5)/10)) = 26.85 dB

From R-REP-P.2346 Penetration Loss (dB)

Frequence 0.8 1.8 2.1 2.6 3.5 4.5

 10 cm & 20 cm thick concrete slab:16 – 20 dB
 1 cm coating glass (0°angle): 25 dB Band(GHz)

 External wall + one-way perspective coated glass: 29 dB Denseurban 18 21 22 23 26 28

 External wall + 1 internal wall: 44 dB
Urban 14 17 18 19 22 24
 External wall + 2 internal walls: 58 dB
 External wall + elevator: 47 dB Suburban 10 13 14 15 18 20

Rural 7 10 11 12 15 17

Concrete slab (dark room test)

Based on the test result and protocol definition, for the 3.5 GHz dense urban area, the loss of penetrating a wall is considered as 26 dB,
and those in urban and suburban areas are considered as 4 dB difference based on LTE networks.

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 mmWave Penetration Loss
Source: 3GPP 38.901 Source: Huawei tests
Material 28 GHz 39 GHz
1-layer glass (0.8 cm) 4 5
Ordinary glass door (0.8 cm) 3.5 4.5
Low-e metal coated glass (0.6 cm) 12 NA
2-layer low-e metal coated glass* 16 NA
Metal coated glass 23.5 NA
Window-shades + 2-layer glass 36.2 45.9
2-layer glass wall (1.8 cm) 14.6 20.9
Based on the preceding high loss formula, the 28 GHz
penetration loss is calculated as follows: Outer concrete wall (27.5 cm) 64.9 78.8
5 - 10 x log(0.7 x 10^(-(23 + 0.3 x 28)/10) + 0.3 x 10^(-(5 + 4 x Inner concrete wall (42 cm) 69.1 75.7
28)/10)) = 37.95 dB Inner concrete wall (36 cm) 54 NA
Hollow metal wall (0.8 cm) 63 68.5
Penetration Loss (dB) Solid wooden door (4.5 cm) 11.7 18.4
28 GHz 39 GHz Hollow wall 4.5 NA
Wooden door (5 cm) 8.9 10.7
Dense Urban 38 41 Pine board (2 cm)* 1 NA
Urban 34 37 Hollow metal wall (0.8 cm) 63 68.5
White board* 17.8 NA
Suburban 30 33
Advertisement paper* 1 NA
Rural 27 30 Thermal baffle* 2 NA
Carton covered foam* 3.6 NA
Concrete slab (dark room test)
Based on the test result and protocol definition, for the 28 GHz dense urban area, the loss of penetrating a wall is considered as 38 dB,
and those in urban and suburban areas are considered as 4 dB difference based on LTE networks.

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Shadow Fading Margin

3GPP 38.901 Slow Fading Standard Deviation Empirical Value of Huawei's Slow Fading Standard
Deviation
Scenario LOS/NLOS Shadow Fading Standard (dB)
LOS 4
RMa
NLOS 8 Scenario Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural
LOS 4
UMa
NLOS 6 O2I 11.7 9.4 7.2 6.2
UMi - Street LOS 4
Canyon NLOS 7.82
LOS 3
InH - Office
NLOS 8.03

The following table lists the typical slow fading Considering the 95% area coverage, the shadow fading
margin of the UMa LOS/NLOS under the 95% area margin in typical scenarios can be calculated as follows:
coverage condition.
Scenario Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural LOS
Area Coverage Edge Coverage Slow Fading Slow Fading O2I 9 8 7 6 5
Scenario
Probability Probability Standard Deviation Margin
O2O 8 7 6 5 4
LOS 95% 85.1% 4 4.16

NLOS 95% 82.5% 6 5.6

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 Foliage Loss (High Frequency)
Expectation (Considering
Scenario Illustration Typical Value
Industry Experience)

A sparse tree 5–10 dB 8 dB

11 dB (lower part)
A dense tree 15 dB
16 dB (crown)

Two trees
(Top of one tree + crown of 15–20 dB 19 dB
another one)

3 trees
(Top of 2 trees + crown of 20–25 dB 24 dB
1 tree)

For 5G, especially high frequency, loss caused by foliage shading is very important. According to Huawei field test results, it is recommended that 17 dB
be used as the typical foliage loss value, which can be adjusted according to the actual situation in the planning scenario.

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Foliage Loss (Low Frequency)

Recommended value for 3.5 GHz

If the vegetation in the target area is

dense and the LOS scenario is involved,
it is recommended that foliage loss be
considered for sub-6 GHz link budget, for
example: 12 dB (penetrating multiple
trees).

Penetration Loss (dB) 3500 MHz

A camphor 8.46
A willow 7.49
2 trees 11.14
3–4 trees 19.59

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 Body Block Loss
In WTTx scenarios, the block loss does not need to be considered for link budget.
In the eMBB scenario, the test results show that the body block loss on high frequency bands is affected by factors such as
people, receiver, relative position in the signal transmission direction, and altitude difference between the receiver and
transmitter. A larger the body blocking ratio indicates more severe loss. For 28 GHz, the typical body block loss is
approximately 15 dB. In NLOS scenarios, the multipath propagation of signals reduces the actual body block loss.
Therefore, the actual body block loss is approximately 8 dB.

Figure 1 Test Result of Body Block Loss in Typical Indoor LOS Scenarios Figure 2 Test Results of Body Block Loss in Typical Outdoor LOS Scenarios

In typical outdoor LOS scenarios, the body block loss test results
In typical indoor LOS scenarios, the body block loss test results are as are as follows: 18 dB with severe blocking, 21 dB with more
follows: 5 dB with minor blocking, 15 dB with severe blocking. severe blocking, 40 dB with the most severe blocking.

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Rain Attenuation Margin
This marge depends on the frequency, rainfall rate in the rain zone, propagation path length, and the probability of
reaching the guaranteed rate.
Item USA Canada
Typical site distance (km) 1 3
Performance
Typical radius (km) 0.67 2
Deterioration
(Hour/Year)
Rain zone N E K M E B C

0.01% rainfall rate (mm/h) 95 22 42 63 22 12 15

Margin to be considered to ensure 99.99%
18.05 5.26 9.07 12.76 9.63 5.86 7.03 0.876
probability of the guaranteed rate
Rate in rain attenuation (Mbps) - baseline 1 Gbps 0 481 182 0 149 429 330
0.1% rainfall rate (mm/h) 35 6 12 22 6 3 5
Margin to be considered to ensure 99.99%
6.82 1.99 3.43 4.82 3.64 2.21 2.66 8.76
probability of the guaranteed rate
Rate in rain attenuation (Mbps) - baseline 1 Gbps 346 767 603 512 589 746 698
1% rainfall rate (mm/h) 5 0.6 1.5 4 0.6 0.5 0.7
Margin to be considered to ensure 99.99%
1.88 0.55 0.95 1.33 1.00 0.61 0.73 87.6
probability of the guaranteed rate
Rate in attenuation
Rain rain attenuation (Mbps)
is related - baseline
to the 1 Gbps
diameter 777 and
of rain drops 937the882 838 876
wavelength 928 The
of signals. 912wavelength of signals
is determined by the frequency, and the diameter of rain drops is closely related to the rainfall rate. Therefore, rain
attenuation is related to the frequency and rainfall rate. Rain attenuation is an accumulation process and is
closely related to the length of the propagation path of a signal in the rainfall zone. The probability of
reaching the guaranteed rate is also related.
 The estimation of rain attenuation in the 5G WTTx scenario is the same as that in microwave. Both referred to the
calculation method in the ITU-R proposal. However, the margin requirement for microwave transmission is strict,
which corresponds to the time link interruption probability of the 0.01% in the planning area. In the 5G WTTx
scenario, the probability of reaching the guaranteed rate corresponding to reserved level margin should be met
based on the customer requirements.
 The recommended value is 3 dB in the 28 GHz WTTx scenario.

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Interference Margin
 The interference margin (IM) is reserved to overcome noise increase caused by neighboring cell
interference. Based on the SINR calculation principle, the IM formula can be deduced as follows:

Downlink Interference Uplink Interference

Signal of the serving cell Downlink interference of a neighboring cell UE uplink signal UE uplink signal
Uplink interference
from the UE

Empirical IM Values
Frequency (GHz) 3.5 28 Note:
O2O O2I O2O O2I
 Scenario UL DL UL DL UL DL UL DL
The empirical IM values are based on the following assumptions:
Dense urban 2 17 2 7 0.5 1 0.5 1 • 3.5 GHz 64T64R, continuous networking
Urban 2 15 2 6 0.5 1 0.5 1
Suburban 2 13 2 4 0.5 1 0.5 1 • 28 GHz discontinuous networking
Rural 1 10 1 2 0.5 1 0.5 1

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Contents
Link Budget Overview

Link Budget Factors

Link Budget Tool Updates

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5G RAN2.0 VS RAN1.0 Link Budget Tool Updates

Category 5G RAN2.0 5G RAN1.0

High frequency 4T4R
Base station model Low frequency 64TRX
Low frequency 64TRX, 32TRX, and 8TRX
Sub-6 GHz 4:1 (DDDSU)
Sub-6 GHz 8:2 (DDDDDDDSUU)
UL-DL timeslot ratio Sub-6 GHz 4:1 (DDDSU)
Sub-6 GHz 7:3 (DDDSUDDSUU)
Above-6 GHz 4:1 (DDDSU)
Overhead Product overhead in drive test scenarios Product overhead in drive test scenarios
Demodulation
Matching 5G RAN2.0 Matching 5G RAN1.0
performance
Low frequency: format C2 and format 0 (7:3/8:2)
PRACH format Low frequency: format C2
High frequency: format C2
Sub-6 GHz bandwidth Multiple bandwidths and CA Only the 100 Mbps bandwidth
PDSCH weight form PMI, Dynamic BF, Adaptive PMI, Dynamic BF

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