ANG IBONG ADARNA

by Jose de la Cruz

THE LITERATURE OF
THE PHILIPPINES

Prose
(Fiction-Short Story)

Compiled by: Sanrio Marysze A. Gamba

OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

a) define what Prose is;
b) determine the elements of short story; and
c) read and analyze the affiliated literature in today’s
lesson.
NOLI ME TANGERE
by Jose Rizal
Prose – it is a style of writing in narrative
form and is non-poetic.

Fiction – is the literary production of man’s

imagination finding shape in stories of people
or events.

Short story – is a type of narrative fiction

compressed into one unit of place, time, and
action leaving a single definite unified
expression on the reader through one
predominating character and one
predominating event.
THE WOMAN WHO HAD
TWO NAVELS ELEMENTS OF FICTION
by Nicomedes Joaquin

1. Setting – the place and time of the

story. The writer attempts to create in the
reader’s visual imagination the illusion of a
solid world in which the story takes place.
We understand better the story when we
know the setting of the story.
 MAGDALENA
*Place
by Cecilia M. Brainard
-specific place; make the characters seem
real; it is where the writers have their root
*Time
-period; another dimension
*Weather condition
-ex. Sunny or rainy day
*Social condition
-rich—poor; culture; tradition

*Mood/Atmosphere
-sleepy (feelings created in the story)
-each “where” includes the mood
 ERMITA
by F. Sionil Jose
2. Character – the second important
element of a story is the character. The
action of the plot is performed by the
characters in the story, the people who
make something happen or produce an
effect. And not just always people, various
authors have experimented with trees,
chairs and shoes as characters or with other
animals, such as cows, cats and bugs. But
when we say character, we usually mean a
person.
ANG IBONG MANDARAGAT
by Amado V. Hernandez
KINDS OF CHARACTER

According to PRINCIPALITY
1) Protagonist – the character whom the
reader empathizes (can be good or evil)

2) Antagonist – the character that goes

against the main character
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
by Jose Rizal
According to DEVELOPMENT

1) Dynamic – the character changes throughout

the story
2) Static – the character remains as it is from the
beginning to end of the story (no changes)

According to PERSONALITY

1) Round – a character that portrays multiple

faceted personality that is presented in the story
2) Flat – a character who remains the same
throughout the story (one personality only)
 *Sentimentality
FLORANTE AT LAURA
by Francisco Balagtas

-emotional over indulgence

*Stereotyping
-generalized, oversimplified judgment
-ex. Eyeglasses – genius

*Confidant/e
– best friend of the protagonist

*Foil
-striking role (exact opposite of the
protagonist)
AMERICA IS IN THE
HEART NOTE!!!
by Carlos Bulosan

Protagonist
If the character is a bad or does not possesses
the traits of a conventional hero, he is described as
an anti-hero or anti-heroine.
Antagonist
If the character is not a human being but a
natural force, the villain is called an “antagonistic
force”, such as fire or cyclone
Unseen character
The unseen character is an absent character
who, even in hiss absence, affects the development
of the story
 3. Plot – the sequence of events in
THE SECRET
by Lin Acacio-Flores

a story and their relation to one

another; an artistic arrangement of
actions-sequence of beginning, middle
and an end. The plot may be of any
kind such as: falling in love, an
adventure at sea, a detective story, or
a serious happening that takes place
to disrupt the activity or the
established order.
 JUANITA CRUZ
by Magdalena G. Jalandoni
PARTS OF PLOT
*Exposition (Introduction)
-introduces the characters, scene, time,
situation, point-of-view

*Rising action (problem is introduced)

-the dramatization of events that complicate the
situation and gradually intensify the conflict

*Climax (turning point)

-the highest point of the story which arouses the
greatest interest and evokes the most intense
feelings; emotional high point (highest peak) of
the story; the point where the greatest
emotional intensity, interest as well as
suspense
NOLI ME TANGERE
*Falling action (problem is slowly being
by Jose Rizal
solved)
-the conflict proceeds its resolution

*Denouement (the decisions of the

character)
-the denouement ends thee story; the
finishing of things and shows the resolution of
the plot

Conclusion refers to the ending of the story

depending on the outcome of the actions; final
paragraph; comparatively brief and balancing
the short exposition in the beginning
BANAAG AT SIKAT
by Lope K. Santos
KINDS OF PLOT
1) Linear Plot – moves with the natural
sequence of events where actions are
arranged sequentially.
2) Circular Plot – is a kind of plot where
linear development of the story merges with
an interruption in the chronological order to
show an event that happened in the past.
-Flashback
-Foreshadowing
-Suspense
-Surprise
-Plot twist

3. En medias res - is a kind of plot where

the story commences in the middle part of the
action
 4) POINT OF VIEW
PILIPINO KOMIKS

It refers to the way the story is told;

determines the narrator of the story, the one
who tells it from different points of view; the
narrator's vintage point (who tells the story?)
ESPESYAL KOMIKS
Types of Point of View (POV)

1) First-person Narrator
-pronoun I
-may be a major or minor character that tells the
story in his own words; the narrator is one of the
characters

2) Third-person Narrator
-pronoun he, she, they
-not a participant in the story

3. Second-person Narrator
-pronoun you
-rarely used
 5) STYLE
HIWAGA KOMIKS

-is the language the author uses in a

narration.

*Sentence structure
*Figurative languages
*Diction
HIWAGA KOMIKS
*SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Sentence structure is the way a sentence is

arranged, grammatically. The sentence
structure of your writing includes where the
noun and verb fall within an individual
sentence.

Sentence structure depends on the

language in which you're writing or speaking.
There are many ways to make the sentence
structure much more complicated while still
providing a framework for the information
you're conveying and being grammatically
correct.
 *FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
HIWAGA KOMIKS
- uses
words for a non-literal definition

*DICTION

Diction refers to the linguistic choices a

writer makes to effectively convey an idea, a
point of view, or tell a story. In literature, the
words used by an author can help establish a
distinct voice and style.
HIWAGA KOMIKS
6) THEME
*generalization about the meaning of a
story
*it sums up the meaning of the story;
oftentimes, it is not directly stated but rather
revealed in the totality of the literary piece
*must be true to any and all of the specific
details in the narrative
*only one theme; states declaratively
*major and minor theme should be in
DIFFERENT ideas
*the message should be high lightened in
the theme
AGIMAT KOMIKS
*Principles in Stating the Theme of the Story*

a) It reports for all major details of the story.

b) It may be avowed in more than one way.
c) It is stated in complete statements.
d) It asserts a sweeping statement about life.
e) It avoids statements that condense the
theme to some familiar adage, aphorism,
dictum, maxim, saying or value.

NOTE: Theme comes last in a discussion of the

elements because all the other elements must be
accounted for in determining it; their interaction
creates a living pattern.
KENKOY KOMIKS
7) CONFLICT
It is the opposition of persons or forces in a
story that give rise to the dramatic action in a
literary work. It is the basic tension, predicament, or
challenge that propels a story’s plot.

*TYPES OF CONFLICT*
a) Man vs Man
-ideas versus ideas not only person vs. person
-a type of conflict where one character in the story
has a problem with one or more of the characters
HIWAGA KOMIKS
b) Man vs Society
-ex. a girls is not welcome to the boy’s family
-a type of conflict where a character has a
conflict or problem with some elements of
society - the school, the law, the accepted way
of doing things, and so on

c) Man vs Nature
-you against calamities
-a type of conflict where a character has a
problem with some natural phenomenon: a
snowstorm, an avalanche, the bittercold, or any
elements common to nature even diseases
HIWAGA KOMIKS
d) Man vs Himself/Herself
-a type of conflict where a character has trouble
deciding what to do in a particular situation; dilemma

e) Man vs Circumstance
-man against destiny or fate
-a type of conflict where a character has to battle
what seems to be an uncontrollable problem;
whenever a problem seems to be a strange or
unbelievable coincidence, fate can be considered
the cause and effect

f) Man vs Supernatural
-a type of conflict where a character has a conflict
with some supernatural beings such as gods,
goddesses, dwarves, etc
PILIPINO KOMIKS
8) NARRATIVE DEVICE brings color
to the story

a) Flashback
-retelling of the past
-the writer uses this as an interruption to the
chronological order/sequence of the story; to go
back to the related incidents which occured prior to
the beginning of the story

b) Foreshadowing
-future happenings
-the writer uses this as a hint or clues to indicate
events that will occur later in the story
(premonition); the use of this technique both
creates suspense and prepares the readers for
what is to come
HIWAGA KOMIKS
c) Suspense
-part of the climax
-after suspense - surprise

d) Surprise
-unexpected happening - twist in the story (plot
twist)

e) Coincidence and chance

-unpredictable scenes; unexpected meetings

f) Chronological narration
-most common order of a story
 9) TONE
HIWAGA KOMIKS

It is the emotional color of the story;

emotional attitudes or feelings of the writer
towards the story. It could be humorous or
serious, excited or compassionate, etc.
REFERENCES

Menoy, Jesus (2014). Philippine Literature for

Today’s Generation: A Thematic Approach. Books
Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Rodil, Ruel C., Ed. D. et al, (2014) Heritage of World

Literature. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong
City.

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