EE1 2 2

AC APPAR
ATUS AND
DEVI CES
MAGNETI C
CIRCUIT S
and MATE RIA
P re pa re d b y
Ce sa r G . :
M an al o, J r
.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and
MATERIALS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Define flux linkage.

• Derive the inductance in a magnetic circuit.
• Demonstrate the properties of magnetic materials and its behavior to
magnetic field.
• Explain the effects of ac excitation to magnetic materials.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and
MATERIALS
FLUX LINKAGE

• Flux linkage λ is defined

as, Magnetic flux lines
i  ∅ Mean core
 𝜆=𝑁 ∅ + length lc
e λ  Air gap  Air gap, permeability , area
  where is the flux length g
-
produced in the magnetic
circuit with total Winding Magnetic
  core permeability ,
N turns area
reluctance ℜT due to the
application of mmf .
• The induced voltage in the winding is given by Faraday’s Law,
  𝑑∅ 𝑑𝜆
𝑒= 𝑁 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and
MATERIALS
WINDING INDUCTANCE

• The winding inductance L

i  ∅ Magnetic flux lines
is determined as, Mean core
+ length lc
  𝑑∅ 𝑑 𝑁𝑖 e λ  Air gap  Air gap, permeability , area
𝑒=𝑁
𝑑𝑡
=𝑁
𝑑𝑡 ℜ 𝑇 ( ) -
length g

2 Winding Magnetic
  core permeability ,
  𝑁 2 𝑑𝑖   𝑁
𝑒= 𝐿= N turns area
ℜ 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 ℜ𝑇

• If the core reluctance is negligible (ℜC = 0 or µ ∞),

2
  𝑁
2
𝑁
2
𝑁 𝑁 𝜇0 𝐴 Note:
2
𝑔
This formula for L is accurate only if the
𝐿= = = =
ℜ 𝑇 ℜ 𝑐+ ℜ 𝑔 ℜ𝑔 𝑙 𝑔 relationship of mmf (Ni which cause H) and flux
(φ which cause B) is linear or the reluctance of
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
the circuit is dominated by an air gap.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and § EXAMPLE 1
MATERIALS
The magnetic circuit below
consists of an N-turn winding on
a magnetic core of infinite
permeability with two parallel
air gaps of lengths g1 and g2 and
areas A1 and A2, respectively.
Find
a) the inductance of the
winding.
b) the flux density B1in gap1
when the winding is carrying
a current i. Neglect fringing
effects at the air gap.
  𝜇 𝑜 𝑁𝑖
Ans: 𝐵 1=
𝑔1
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and § EXAMPLE 1 - Solution
MATERIALS
Since the permeability of the
∅ 
core is large, its reluctance is
zero and only the gaps offers
reluctance to the magnetic flux.
These 2 reluctances are
connected parallel w.r.t. the
mmf Ni. ∅  1 ∅  2
  𝑁2
𝐿=
ℜ𝑇
 
1 1 1 𝜇 0 𝐴 1 𝜇 0 𝐴 2 𝐴 1 𝐴2
= + = + =𝜇 0 +
ℜ 𝑇 ℜ 𝑔1 ℜ 𝑔2 𝑔1 𝑔2 𝑔1 𝑔 2 ( )  
𝑳= 𝑵 𝝁 𝟎
𝟐
( 𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
𝒈𝟏
+
𝒈𝟐 )
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and § EXAMPLE 1 - Solution
MATERIALS

  ∅1 ∅ 
𝐵 1=
𝐴1

By Ampere’s Law,

  𝐵𝑔
𝑁𝑖= 𝐻 𝑔 𝑔1 = 1
𝑔1 ∅  1 ∅  2
1
𝜇0

 Solving for ,

  𝝁𝒐 𝑵𝒊
𝑩𝒈 =𝟏
𝒈𝟏

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and
MATERIALS
WINDING INDUCTANCE
DOUBLE WINDING
• If reluctance of core is
negligible,
e1
𝑁 1 𝑖1 + 𝑁 2 𝑖2 𝑁 1 𝑖1 + 𝑁 2 𝑖2 𝜇0 𝐴𝑐 e2
∅  = = =( 𝑁 1 𝑖 1 + 𝑁 2 𝑖 2)
ℜ𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
𝜇0 𝐴 𝑐

 Note: • The flux linkage in coil 1 is, • The flux linkage in coil 1 is,
is the result of two mmfs,   𝜇0 𝐴𝑐 𝜇0 𝐴 𝑐
2
and w/c are additive as 𝜆1 =𝑁 1 𝜑=𝑁 1 𝑖 1+ 𝑁 1 𝑁 2 𝑖2
shown here. 𝑔 𝑔

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 
𝜆1 =𝐿1 𝑖 1 + 𝑀 𝑖 2
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and
MATERIALS
WINDING INDUCTANCE
DOUBLE WINDING
  𝜆1 =𝐿1 𝑖 1 + 𝑀 𝑖 2
  𝜇0 𝐴 𝑐
2   𝜇0 𝐴 𝑐
𝐿1=𝑁 1 𝑀 =𝑁 1 𝑁 2
𝑔 𝑔 e1

• L1 is the self-inductance of coil 1

and L1i1 is the flux linkage of coil 1
due to its own current i1.
• M is the mutual inductance between coils 1 & 2 and Mi2 is the flux
linkage of coil 1 due to i2 on the other coil.
Differentiating λ1 with respect to time,
 𝑑 𝜆 1 𝑑 𝑖1 𝑑 𝑖2
𝑑𝑡
=𝑒 1= 𝐿1
𝑑𝑡
+𝑀
𝑑𝑡
  𝐸 1= 𝑗 𝜔 𝐿1 𝐼 1 + 𝑗 𝜔 𝑀 𝐼 2
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and
MATERIALS
WINDING INDUCTANCE

• The flux linkage in coil 2 is,

  𝜇0 𝐴𝑐
2 𝜇0 𝐴 𝑐
𝜆2 =𝑁 2 𝜑=𝑁 2 𝑖 2+ 𝑁 1 𝑁 2 𝑖1
𝑔 𝑔
 𝜆2 = 𝐿2 𝑖 2 + 𝑀 𝑖 1 e1 e2

  𝜇0 𝐴 𝑐   𝜇0 𝐴 𝑐
2
𝑀 =𝑁 1 𝑁 2 𝐿2=𝑁 2
𝑔 𝑔

• L2 is the self-inductance of coil 2 and L2i2 is the flux linkage of coil 2 due to its
own current i2.
• M is the mutual inductance between coils 1 & 2 and Mi2 is the flux linkage of
coil 2 due to i1 on the other coil.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and
MATERIALS
POWER and ENERGY

• The power entering the terminals of the winding is,

  𝑑𝜆
𝑝=𝑖𝑒=𝑖
𝑑𝑡
• The change in stored energy in the winding in time interval t1 to t2 is,
𝑡2 𝜆2
 
Δ 𝑊 =∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑡 =∫ 𝑖 𝑑 𝜆
𝑡1 𝜆1

• Since L = dλ/di, for single winding and constant L,

𝜆2 𝑖𝑡 2
  1
Δ 𝑊 =∫ 𝑖 𝑑 𝜆 =∫ 𝑖 ( 𝐿𝑑𝑖 )= 𝐿 (𝑖 2 2
𝑡 2 − 𝑖 𝑡 1)
𝜆 1 𝑖 𝑡 1
2

• Assuming the initial current it1 = 0, the   1 2

Δ𝑊 = 𝐿𝑖
stored energy at any given i is, 2
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and § EXAMPLE 2
MATERIALS
For the magnetic circuit above,  ℜ 10 5
𝑔 =4.42× ❑ 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠/𝑊𝑏
the reluctance of the air-gap is
 𝐴 =9 𝑐 𝑚 2
given as shown and reluctance Magnetic flux lines 𝑔
i  ∅ Mean core
of core is negligible. Find + length lc
a) the inductance L of the e λ  Air gap   gap, permeability ,
Air
winding, length g area
-
b) the magnetic stored energy
W for Bc = 1.0 T, and N = 500  Magnetic core
permeability , area
c) the induced voltage e if
core flux is of the form Bc =
1.0 sin 377t.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and § EXAMPLE 2 - Solution
MATERIALS

 ℜ 5
  𝑁 2
500 2 𝑔 =4.42× 10 ❑ 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠/𝑊𝑏
𝐿= = 5  𝐴 =9 𝑐 𝑚 2
ℜ𝑔 4.42× 10 i  ∅ Magnetic flux lines 𝑔
Mean core
+
𝑳=𝟎 .𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟔 𝑯
  length lc
e λ  Air gap   gap, permeability ,
Air
  𝑊 = 1 𝐿 𝑖2
∆ - length g area
2

𝐹=∅ ℜ𝑇
  N = 500  Magnetic core
permeability , area

𝑁𝑖=(𝐵
  ¿ ¿𝑐 𝐴 𝑐 )𝑅 𝑔 ¿
  (1.0)(0.0009)(4.42 ×105 )
𝑖= =0.7956 𝐴
500
 ∆ 𝑾 = 𝟏 ( 𝟎 . 𝟓𝟔𝟓𝟔 ) ( 𝟎 . 𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟔 ) 𝟐=𝟎 . 𝟏𝟕𝟗 𝑱
𝟐

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS and § EXAMPLE 2 - Solution
MATERIALS

 ℜ 5
𝑔 =4.42× 10 ❑ 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠/𝑊𝑏
 𝐴 =9 𝑐 𝑚 2
𝑑𝜑 𝑑(𝐵 𝑐 𝐴 𝑐)
  𝑔
i  ∅ Magnetic flux lines
Mean core
𝑒=𝑁 =𝑁 =𝑁 𝐴 𝑐 𝑑¿¿ + length lc

𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 e
-
λ  Air gap
length g
  gap, permeability ,
Air
area

 𝑒=377 𝑁 𝐴 𝑐 cos 377 𝑡 N = 500  Magnetic core

permeability , area
𝑒=( 500 )( 0.0009 ) ( 377 )
 

𝒆=𝟏𝟔𝟗 . 𝟔𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑𝟕𝟕 𝒕 𝑽
 

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

PURPOSE OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS:

1. Maximize the production of flux densities (B) for a given magnetic intensity
(H).
2. Constrain and direct magnetic fields in well-defined paths.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS:
• Mostly made of iron and alloys of iron (cobalt, tungsten, nickel, aluminum
and other metals)
• Contain large number of domains – regions where the magnetic moments of
all atoms are parallel giving that domain a net magnetic moment.
• The magnetic moment of domains in an unmagnetized sample material are
randomly oriented resulting in a zero magnetic flux.
• When a magnetizing force (H) is applied to the material, the domain
magnetic moments tend to align with the applied magnetic field.
• The aligned magnetic moments add to the applied field, resulting in a much
larger value of flux density than would exist due to the magnetizing force
alone.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS:
• The effective permeability µ, which is ratio of the total magnetic flux to the
applied magnetic field intensity, is taken (µ = B/H), the result is large
compared to permeability of free-space µ0.
• When magnetizing force is increased, magnetic flux continues to increase
until all magnetic moments align to the applied field. Additional magnetizing
force no longer has effect on the magnetic flux thus material is said to be
saturated.
• If applied magnetizing force is reduced, the domain magnetic moments relax
to the direction of easy magnetism nearest to that of the applied field.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS
FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS:
• When applied magnetizing force is reduced to zero, the domains do not
return to their original random orientation (before any magnetizing force is
applied) but retain a net magnetization component along the applied field
direction.
• This phenomenon is known as magnetic hysteresis, resulting in B vs. H that is
non-linear and multivalued.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

THE HYSTERESIS CURVE:

B, Wb/m2 b

Residual flux
c
x
c

x a
H, A-turns/m

e
Coersive H

d
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

1.5

11

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

17

13

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS § EXAMPLE 3
and MATERIALS
The core material above is M-5 𝑙  𝑐 =0.3 𝑚
electrical steel. Find the current Magnetic flux lines
  g
i  ∅ Mean core
required to produce Bc = 1.6 T.
length lc
Note that a magnetic intensity
λ  Air gap   gap,
Air
Hc = 11 A-turn/m is required length g permeability ,
to produce Bc = 1.0 T based on area
the dc magnetization curve. N = 500  Magnetic core
permeability ,
 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑖=1.3 𝐴 area

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 MAGNETIC CIRCUITS § EXAMPLE 3 - Solution
and MATERIALS
  At 𝑙  𝑐 =0.3 𝑚
  g
  𝐵 𝑐 1.6 i  ∅ Magnetic flux lines
Mean core
𝑢𝑐 = = Wb/A-turns length lc
𝐻𝑐 70
λ  Air gap   gap,
Air
length g permeability ,
By Ampere’s Law, area
N = 500  Magnetic core
  𝐵𝑔 permeability ,
500 𝑖= 𝐻 𝑐 𝑙 𝑐 + 𝐻 𝑔 𝑔=𝐻 𝑐 𝑙 𝑐 + 𝑔
𝑢𝑜 area

𝒊=𝟏
  . 𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝑨

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION

• When a sinusoidal voltage is

applied on the winding, the
flux φ formed inside a
magnetic material is also a
sinusoid.
• To produce flux, a current
known as the exciting
current iφ is required.

What is the shape of iφ?

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS § EXAMPLE 4
and MATERIALS

A sinusoidal voltage is applied on

a winding forming a sinusoidal
magnetic flux,

  ( 𝑡 ) =∅ sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝐵
∅ 𝑚 𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔 𝑡

Find,
a) The induced voltage e1 on the
winding.
b) The shape of the exciting
current 𝒊∅.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS § EXAMPLE 4 - Solution
and MATERIALS

 ∅ ( 𝑡 ) =∅𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝑐 𝐵 𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔 𝑡

  𝑑∅ 𝑑
𝑒 1=𝑁 =𝑁 ( 𝐴 𝑐 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝒆  𝟏=𝑵 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑨 𝒄 𝝎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎 𝒕

 Thus,
the flux φ is lagging the
induced voltage by

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION

𝒆  𝝋
 

90o

90o
𝑡 
𝒊  𝝋

Hysteresis Curve Shape of the exciting current iϕ

relative to induced voltage e and
C. G. Manalo, Jr. magnetic flux ϕ
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION
  ( 𝑡 ) =∅ sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝐴 𝐵
∅ 𝑚 𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥 sin 𝜔 𝑡

  𝑑∅
𝑒=𝑁 =𝜔 𝑁 𝐴 𝑐 𝐵 𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos 𝜔 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √2 𝜋 𝑓𝑁 𝐴 𝑐 𝐵 𝑚𝑎𝑥
 

By Ampere’s Law,
𝑁 𝑖 ∅ =𝐻 𝑐 𝑙 𝑐
 

Since iφ is periodic (though not sinusoidal), Hc will also be periodic. Hence both iφ and Hc
will have rms values and are similarly related by Ampere’s Law,
  𝐻 𝑐 , 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑙 𝑐
𝑁𝐼 ∅ , 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =𝐻 𝑐 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑙 𝑐
  𝐼 ∅ , 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑁
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION

Getting the product ErmsIφ,rms gives,

Ac

 
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼 ∅ ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 =√ 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝐵 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐻 𝑐 ,𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐴 𝑐 𝑙 𝑐
lc

This product is called the exciting volt-amperes which can be considered as the exciting
apparent power required to produce the mmf that creates the flux φ.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION

If the exciting rms VA is divided by the

Ac
mass of the magnetic material,

lc

where ρc is the mass density of the magnetic material.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION

  √ 2𝜋𝑓
𝑃𝑎 = 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐻 𝑟𝑚𝑠 Ac
𝜌𝑐

where Pa is called the normalized

exciting rms VA. N

Since Hrms is related with B by way of

the hysteresis curve (B-H curve), the
exciting rms volt-amperes per unit lc
mass is simply a property of the
material at any given frequency of the
applied voltage.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION

• The exciting current 𝒊∅ exist due to the following;

• Real power dissipated due to losses in the core caused by eddy-currents and
magnetic hysteresis.
• Reactive power to form the magnetic flux in the core.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION
• To address eddy currents, the core is laminated with each lamination
insulated by an oxide layer on their surfaces or by a thin coat of enamel or
varnish.

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION
• Eddy currents tends to increase with the square of the excitation frequency
and the square of the peak flux density.
• The hysteresis energy loss in one cycle of the excitation can be derived from
the formula,
  𝐻 c   𝑙c  
∆ 𝑊 =∮ 𝑖 ∅ 𝑑 𝜆=∮ ( )
𝑁
( 𝐴 c 𝑁 𝑑 𝐵c ¿)= 𝐴c 𝑙 c∮ 𝐻 c 𝑑 𝐵 c ¿

• Aclc is the volume of the material while the integration in one cycle

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION

• Since this is the energy loss per cycle of the excitation voltage, the power loss
due to hysteresis will be proportional to the frequency of excitation. Hence,
the power loss due to hysteresis is,
  Δ𝑊
= 𝐴 𝑐 𝑙 𝑐 𝑓 ∮ 𝐻 𝑐 𝑑 𝐵𝑐 where f is the frequency of the sinusoidal applied voltage.
𝑇
• Normalizing the hysteresis power loss over the mass of the magnetic
material yields,
 
𝐴 𝑐 𝑙 𝑐 𝑓 ∮ 𝐻 𝑐 𝑑 𝐵𝑐 𝑓 ∮ 𝐻 𝑐 𝑑(hysteresis
𝐵𝑐 power
= loss per unit mass)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝑐
• Core losses (eddy-current loss and hysteresis loss) are usually given as
normalized losses vs. the flux density B in the core.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
AC EXCITATION

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS § EXAMPLE 5
and MATERIALS

The magnetic core in the Fig.

made from laminations of M-5
grain-oriented electrical steel.
The winding is excited with a 60-
Hz voltage to produce a flux
density in the steel of B = 1.0 sin
377t. The steel occupies 0.94 of
the core cross sectional area. The
mass-density of the steel is 7.65
g/cm3. Find
a) the applied voltage,
b) The peak current,
c) the rms exciting current, and
d) the core loss.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS § EXAMPLE 5 - Solution
and MATERIALS

a) The applied voltage is roughly

equal to the induced voltage
e,
  𝑑𝜙 𝑑 ( 𝐴 𝑐 𝐵𝑐 ) 𝑑 𝐵𝑐
𝑣 =𝑒=𝑁
𝑑𝑡
=𝑁
𝑑𝑡 ( )
=𝑁 𝐴 𝑐
𝑑𝑡

2
0.0254𝑚
 

¿(200)(4𝑖𝑛 )
𝑖𝑛
2
( )
(0.94)(1.0×377)cos377𝑡
𝑣 =182.9 cos 3 77 𝑡 𝑉
 

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS § EXAMPLE 5 - Solution
and MATERIALS

a) From the given B,

 𝐵 =1.0 𝑇
max

From the B-H, normalized rms VA

and core losses curves,
 𝐻 =11 𝐴 −𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 / 𝑚
max
 𝑃 =0. 6 𝑉𝐴 / 𝑘𝑔
𝑎
 𝑃 =0.5 𝑊 / 𝑘𝑔
𝑐

 𝑁 𝐼 𝜙, 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝐻 𝑐, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑙 𝑐
(where Iφ,peak is the peak current)
  0.0254 𝑚
𝑙 𝑐 =( 6+ 6+8+8 ) 𝑖𝑛 × = 0.71𝑚
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
𝑖𝑛
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS § EXAMPLE 5 - Solution
and MATERIALS
  11(0.71)
𝐼 𝜙, 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = =0.039 1❑ 𝐴
200
c)
  𝐸 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼 𝜙, 𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑃𝑎 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

  𝑃 𝑎 (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)
𝐼 𝜙, 𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝐸 𝑟𝑚𝑠

3
  0.0254 𝑚
3
𝑉 𝑐 = ( 8× 10 −4 × 6 ) ×2 𝑖 𝑛 × (
𝑖𝑛 )×0.94=0.00172523 𝑚
3

 𝑉 3
𝑐 =0.00172523 𝑚
C. G. Manalo, Jr.C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS § EXAMPLE 5 - Solution
and MATERIALS

  182.9
𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =129.33 𝑉
√2
  (0.6)(13.2)
𝐼 𝜙, 𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =0.0612 𝐴
129.33

d)

  𝑊
𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠=𝑃𝑐 × 𝑊 𝑐 = 0. 5
𝑘𝑔( )
( 13.2 𝑘𝑔 )=6. 6 𝑊

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
Homework
The magnetic circuit shown consists
of rings of magnetic material in a
stack of height h. The rings have inner
radius Ri and outer radius Ro. Assume
that the iron is of infinite permeability
(µ∞) and neglect the effects of
magnetic leakage and fringing. For:
Ri = 3.4 cm
Ro = 4.0 cm
h = 2cm
a) the mean core length lc and the core cross-sectional area Ac.
g = 0.2 cm
Calculate: b) the reluctance of the core Rc and that of the gap Rg.
For N = 65 turns, calculate:
c) the inductance L.
d) current i required to operate at an air-gap flux density of Bg =
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
1.35T.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
Quiz

The magnetic circuit shown consists of

rings of magnetic material in a stack of
height h. Assume that the iron relative 𝑅  1
𝑅  2
permeability µr = 5000 and fringing at the 𝑅  0 g
air gap increase its area by 5%. For: 𝑅  3

R0 = 3.0 cm, R1 = 4.0 cm

R2 = 2.5 cm, R3 = 4.5 cm
h = 2 cm, g = 0.2 cm
N = 65 turns
Calculate:
a) Current i required to operate at an air-gap flux density of Bg = 1.35T
b) The magnetic field intensity H corresponding to each section of the magnetic circuit.
c) Assuming the core saturates at B = 1.5 T, what is i at saturation?
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
Quiz - Solution
2 𝜋 𝑅1− 𝑅0 4 −3
 
𝑙 1=
2 2 [ + 𝑅 0 =𝜋
2 ] (
+3 =11 𝑐𝑚 )
11 − 0.2 𝑅  1 𝑙 2
𝑙  2=𝑙 3 = =5.4 𝑐 m  
2 𝑅  0 𝑅  2
g
  𝐵 𝑔 1.35 𝑅  3
𝐻𝑔= = =1074295.866 𝐴 /𝑚
𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑜

 𝐵 = 𝐵 × h ×( 𝑅3 − 𝑅 2)× 1.05
1 𝑔
h × ( 𝑅 ¿ ¿ 1 − 𝑅 𝑜) ¿ 𝑙 1
𝑙 3
h × ( 𝑅 3 − 𝑅 2 )× 1.05
  1= 𝐵 𝑔 ×
𝐵
(4.5 − 2.5) × 1.05
h × ( 𝑅 ¿ ¿ 1 − 𝑅 𝑜)=1.35 × = 2.835 𝑇 ¿
(4 − 3 )

𝐵
  2=𝐵3=𝐵 𝑔 ×1.05=1.4175𝑇
  2.835   1.4175
𝐻 1= =451.2 𝐴 / 𝑚 𝐻 2=𝐻 3 = =225.6 𝐴 / 𝑚
5000 × 𝜇𝑜 5000 × 𝜇 𝑜
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
Quiz - Solution

𝑁𝑖=𝐻
  1 𝑙 1+2 𝐻 2 𝑙 2 + 𝐻 𝑔 𝑔

  𝟒𝟓𝟏 . 𝟐 ( 𝟎 .𝟏𝟏 )+ 𝟐 ( 𝟐𝟐𝟓 . 𝟔 ) ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟓𝟒 ) +𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟗𝟓 . 𝟖𝟔𝟔(𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟐) = 𝟑𝟒 .𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝑨

𝒊=
𝟔𝟓

 𝑹 = 𝑵𝒊 = 𝟔𝟓(𝟑𝟒 . 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟕) =𝟑 , 𝟗𝟏𝟗 , 𝟗𝟎𝟗 .𝟐𝟔 𝑨 / 𝑾𝒃

𝑻
∅ 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟕
  𝒈 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝑹 𝒈= = =𝟑 ,𝟕𝟖𝟗 , 𝟒𝟎𝟑 . 𝟒𝟏 𝑨 /𝑾𝒃
𝝁𝒐 𝑨 𝒈 𝝁 𝒐 ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟐 ) ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟒𝟓− 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟐𝟓 ) × 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓

 𝑹 = 𝑙 1 = 0. 11
=𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟓 . 𝟐𝟐 𝑨 / 𝑾𝒃
𝟏
μ 𝑨𝟏 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒐 ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟐 )( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟏 )

𝐻  𝑅 = 𝟒𝟓𝟏. 𝟐 ( 𝟎 . 𝟏𝟏 ) =87534.39 𝐴 /𝑊𝑏

  1 𝑙 1 =∅ 𝑅 1 1
𝟎 . 𝟓𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝑾𝒃

 𝑹 = 𝑙 2 = 0.054
=𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟓 . 𝟗𝟐 𝑨 / 𝑾𝒃
𝟐
μ 𝑨𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝝁𝒐 ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟐 ) ( 𝟎 . 𝟎𝟐 )
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
Quiz - Solution
c¿
  Since, section 1 has the smallest cross-sectional area, this part will saturate
first. Assuming this part is saturated,

  =𝐵 1 × 𝐴 1=1.5 × ( 0.04 − 0.03 ) ( 0.0 2 )= 0.3mWb

∅

The minimum required H in section 1 is,

 𝐻 𝐵1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.5
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 238.732 𝐴 / 𝑚
𝜇 5000 (𝜇 𝑜 )

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
Quiz - Solution
 𝐻 𝐵1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.5
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 238.732 𝐴 / 𝑚
𝜇 5000 (𝜇 𝑜 )
∅ 0.3 / 1000
 
𝐻 =𝐻 =
( ) 𝐴2
=
(0.045 − 0.025)× 0.02
= 119.366 𝐴 /𝑚
2 3
𝜇 5000 ( 𝜇𝑜 )

∅ 0.3/ 1000
 
𝐻 =
( ) 𝐴𝑔
=
(0.045 − 0.025)× 0.02 × 1.05
=568410.511 𝐴 / 𝑚
𝑔
𝜇 𝜇𝑜

 𝑁𝑖=𝐻 1 𝑙 1+2 𝐻 2 𝑙 2 + 𝐻 𝑔 𝑔

  238.732 ( 0.11 ) +2 ( 119.366 ) ( 0.054 ) +568410.511 (0.002)

𝑖= =18.092 𝐴
65
This is the minimum required current to saturate the magnetic circuit.
Further increase in current will increase H in different sections but will
have negligible effect on the flux densities.
C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
Quiz - Solution

Summary: 𝐵
  𝑔 =1.35 𝑇 𝐻
  𝑔 =568410.511 𝐴 /𝑚

a) and b): 𝐵
  1=2.835 𝑇  𝐻 1=451.2 𝐴 /𝑚
𝒊=𝟑𝟒 .𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟕 𝑨 𝐵  𝐻 2=225.6 𝐴 /𝑚
    2= 𝐵3=1.4175𝑇
 𝑹 = 𝒈
𝒈 =𝟑 , 𝟕𝟖𝟗 , 𝟒𝟎𝟑 . 𝟒𝟏 𝑨 / 𝑾𝒃
𝝁𝒐 𝑨 𝒈
c¿
    =𝐵 1 × 𝐴 1=0.3 mWb
∅
  𝑙
𝑹𝟏 = 1 =𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟐 𝑨/ 𝑾𝒃 𝐵1 𝑚𝑎𝑥
μ 𝑨𝟏  
𝐻 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =238.732 𝐴 / 𝑚
𝜇
 𝑹 = 𝑙 2 =𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟖𝟓. 𝟗𝟐 𝑨 /𝑾𝒃
𝟐
μ 𝑨𝟐 𝐻
  2=𝐻 3 =119.366 𝐴 / 𝑚

  =𝑩 𝒈 𝑨 𝒈=𝟎 . 𝟓𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝑾𝒃

∅ 𝐻
  𝑔 =568410.511 𝐴 /𝑚

𝒊=𝟏𝟖
  . 𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝑨
  = 𝑵𝒊 =𝟑 , 𝟗𝟏𝟗 , 𝟗𝟎𝟗 .𝟐𝟔 𝑨 / 𝑾𝒃
𝑹 𝑻
∅

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
and MATERIALS
REFERENCES

• Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th Ed., Stephen J. Chapman

• Electric Machinery, 6th Ed., A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr., Stephen D.

Umans

C. G. Manalo, Jr.
 END OF SESSION

C. G. Manalo, Jr.