Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Section 3
Attestation
Actionable Claim
ATTESTATION
Attestation
Attestation has been defined in Section 3 of Transfer of Property
Act as under:—”attested”, in relation to an instrument, means and
shall be deemed always to have meant attested by two or more
witnesses each of whom has seen the executant sign or affix his
mark to the instrument, or has seen some other person’s sign the
instrument in the presence and by the direction of the executant a
personal acknowledgment of his signature or mark, or of the
signature of such other person, and each of whom has signed the
instrument in the presence of the executant, but it shall not be
necessary that more that one of such witnesses shall have been
present at the same time, and no particular form of attestation
shall be necessary.
To ‘attest’ means to sign and witness any fact of
execution by the executant. It means that a person has
signed the document by way of testimony of the fact
that he saw it executed.
Essentials of Attestation
Following are the essential requisites of a valid
attestation-
1.There must be two or more attesting witness.
2.Each witness must see—(a) the executant sign or affix
his mark (thumb impression) to the instrument; (b) or, see
some other person sign the instrument in the presence,
and by the direction, of the executant; (c) or, receive from
the executant a personal acknowledgment of his signature
or mark or of the signature of such other person.
3.Each witness must sign the instrument in the presence
of executant.
Cont.>>
4. Each witness must sign only after the executant is complete.
5. It is not necessary that more than one of such witnesses
should be present at the same time.
6. No particular form of attestation is necessary.
7. Attestor Should be sui generis, i.e., capable of entering into
contract.
8. The witness should have put his signature animo
attestandi (intention to attest).
9. A person who is a party to transfer cannot attest it as a
witness. The object of attestation is to protect the executant
form being required to execute a document by other party
thereto by force, fraud, or undue influence, a party to the
transaction cannot laid down in Kumar Harish Chandra v
Banshidhar Mahanty, AIR 1965 SC 1738
Effect of invalid attestation
a) A copyright,
b) Claim for mesne profits,
c) Secured debt,
d) Right to get damages,
e) A debt which has passed into a decree.
Transfer of Actionable Claims
Actionable claims are transferable properties, thus it can be
transferred by way of sale, mortgage, gift or exchange. Section
130 of Transfer of Property Act provides the mode of effecting
the transfer of actionable claims, and its effect. It provides—
(1) The transfer of an actionable claim whether with or without
consideration shall be effected only by the execution of an
instrument m writing signed by the transferor or his duty
unauthorized agent, shall be complete and effectual upon the
execution of such instruments, and thereupon all the rights
and remedies of the transferor, whether by way of damages or
otherwise, shall rest in the transferee, whether such notice of
the transfer as is hereinafter provided be given or not:
Provided that every dealing with debt or other actionable
claim by the debtor or other person from or against whom
the transferors would, but for such instrument of transfer
as aforesaid, have been entitled to recover or enforce
such debt or other actionable claim, shall (save where the
debtor or other person is a party to the transfer or has
received express notice thereof as hereinafter provided)
be valid as against such transfer.