IN THE NAME OF GOD

THE
COMPASSIONATE
THE MERCIFUL
Epi thelia
 Epithelial Tissues
 Epithelium in three forms:

1-Sheets that lining surfaces

2- Specialized Epithelia

3-Glands
 Functions of Epithelia
Covering and lining surfaces (skin)
Protection (skin)
Absorption (intestine)
Secretion (glands of skin & GI tract)
Sensation (taste buds, olfactory epithelium)
Contractility (myoepithelium of glands)
 Epithelial Tissues

 Attached cells + little

extracellular matrix
 Cell to cell attachments is
strong
 Junctional complexes
 Avascular tissues
 Have a basal lamina ,
supported by a connective
tissue
Polarity
Apical Surface,
Microvilli
Cilia and Flagella
 Microvilli
Cilia and Flagella
• Microvilli
– kidney , small intestine

• Stereocilia
– epididymis, hair cells of organ of Corti

• Cilia and Flagella

– respiratory tract, oviduct, sperm
 Microvilli
Finger like projections, 1 µm in length:
The brush border (PCT in kidney) ,striated border (Intestinal
absorptive cells)
 Microvilli

Each microvilli , 30 actin filaments that extend to terminal

web(combination of actin, spectrin and intermediate
filaments at the cortical zone of epithelial cells)

Myosin-I , calmodulin (connect actin filaments to plasma

membrane)

Villin cross link actin filaments to each other

 Stereocilia
Stereocilia are long microvilli, nonmotile

They are found in epididymis and in cochlea

of inner ear:

Increase surface area in epididymis

Signal generation in ear
 Cilia and Flagella
Cillia , motile AND long, 7 to 10 µm length

In respiratory system and oviduct cells have many cilia

covered by plasmalemma , contains an axoneme

Axoneme : 9 + 2 arrangements of microtubules( 9 doublets

around 2 central singlets)
-Doublets have two subunits A and B
-Subunits A posses 13 and B 10 protofilaments
-Nexin connects adjacent doublets to each other
-Radial spokes project from subunit A to central sheath
-Dynein , has ATPase activity , from subunit A to subunit B
 Cilia and Flagella
Basal body
At the base of cilia
is like centriole
composed of 9 triplets
Flagella is found just in spermatozoa
 Lateral Surface
Intercellular Junctions
 Intercellular Junctions
The presence of terminal bar
terminal bar where the cells attach by junctional
complexes:

 Tight junction (zonulae occludentes)

 Belt desmosome (zonulae adherents)
 Desmosome (maculae adherents)
 Gap junction
 Tight junction
(zonulae occludens(dentes)
Form a belt around the cell
Outer leaflets of cell membrane fuse together
Transmembrane proteins: Occludin, Claudin and
Cadherin, form tight junction strands
 Belt desmosome
(zonulae adherens(ntes)
just basal to tight junction , form a belt
Plasma membranes separated by 15 – 20 nm and occupied by
Cadherins(an integral protein)
In cytoplasmic aspect a bundle of actin filaments bind to cadherin
Actin filaments bind together and to cell membrane by alpha-
actinin , vinculin
 Desmosome (maculae adherentes)
Randomly distributed and are spot like
Attachment plaques ( disk like structures, Desmoplakins
and Pakoglobins ) located opposite each other on
cytoplasmic aspect of cell membranes
Intermediate filaments insert into plaque like a hairpin
Inercellular space is up to 30 nm and contains filamentous
materials , Desmoglein
 Gap Junction
Membrane separated at gap junction by a 2 nm space
composed of an ordered array of 6 subunits
Each subunit , transmembrane protein ,connexin
Connexins assembled , connexons
Two connexons together forming the functional unit of intercellular
communication
Are not limited to epithelia, neurons smooth and cardiac muscle cells
Basal Surface ,
basal lamina
enfolding
hemidesmosome
 basal lamina, enfolding ,hemidesmosome
Basal lamina is a supportive structure , collagen type
IV, laminin , proteoglycans
Plasma membrane enfolding (increase the surface area
+ in ion-transporting )
-deep invagination of plasma membrane+ Many
mitochondria + Ion pumps
 Hemidesmosome
is an attachment specialization
one-half desmosome
in certain epithelia
It attaches the basal membrane to
the underlying basal lamina
Attachment plaques , desmoplakin
and other proteins
Keratin tonofilaments insert into
these plaques but not looping
 Basement Membrane
With light microscopy
 Basal Lamina
By EM :basal lamina and lamina
reticularis.
 Basal Lamina
lamina lucida and lamina densa:
Lamina lucida :laminin, entactin and integrins
Lamina densa :a meshwork of type IV collagen, coated on both
side by Perlacan (proteoglycan)
-Heparan sulfate side chains project from the protein core of
Perlacan
 Lamina Reticularis
is derived from the connective tissue component (collagen
type I & type III )
for affixing the lamina densa to the underlying connective
tissue
Anchoring fibrils (collagen type VII)
attach BL to lamina reticularis
Covering Epithelia
 Types of
Covering epithelia
 Epithelial Cell SHAPES
 Squamous
( nucleus flattened)
 Cuboidal
(nucleus spherical)
 Columnar
(nucleus long, irregular)
Squamous ( nucleus flattened)
Cuboidal (nucleus spherical)
Columnar (nucleus long, irregular)
 EpitheliaL LAYERS
• Simple
one layer of cells
• Stratified
more than one layer of cells
 Types of Simple Epithelium
• Simple squamous
– endothelium; mesothelium
• Simple cuboidal
– kidney tubules, thyroid follicles, serosa of some
organs
• Simple columnar
– small intestine, colon, stomach
Simple Epithelia
Types of Stratified Epithelium
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized
 Supermost cells are nucleated
 It is usually wet
-Oral cavity, esophagus, vagina

Stratified squamous keratinized

• The free surface cells are dead and filled with keratin
-Skin
Stratified cuboidal
)It is consists of two layers of cuboidal cells
)Sweat gland duct

Stratified columnar
• Two or more layers of cells
• Conjunctiva, duct of pancreas
 Transitional Epithelium
 a stratified epithelium
 Basal cells ,are cuboidal
 Above basal cells, several layer of polyhedral
cells
 Superficial cells , dome shaped when relaxed
 The ability of the surface cells to expand and
relax lies in stores of plasma membrane as
membrane vesicle in the apical cytoplasm at
relax state
 As the organ fills with urine, the surface cells
mobilize their membrane vesicles rapidly
 When stretched, layers reduced ,a few layers of
flattened cells
 Pseudostratified epithelium
 A single layer of cells
 All cells are in contact with basal lamina
BUT cells have different height (Only some
cells reach the free surface)
 Respiratory tract, nasal cavity
 Types of

Glandular epithelia
 Glandular Epithelia
 Unicellular glands ,the simplest gland
Exocrine: goblet cells , Endocrine: DNES

 Multicellular glands
– Exocrine glands: have ducts
• (salivary glands, lacrimal glands, mammary glands, etc.)
– Endocrine glands: have no ducts
• cords of cells with vessels (adrenal cortex, parathyroid,
anterior pituitary),follicular (thyroid)
 TYPES OF
Multicellular Exocrine glands:
Ducts
Methods of Secretion
Types of Secretion
 Multicellular Exocrine glands
Simple Glands:
one unbranched duct
Tubular
Coiled tubular
Branched tubular
Acinar(Alveolar)
Branched acinar
Compound Glands:
branched ducts
Tubular
Acinar
Tubuloacinar
 Multicellular Exocrine glands , Mechanism of
Secretion
 Holocrine: secretions released by bursting of whole cell; sebaceous glands
 Merocrine: membrane-bound granules by exocytosis; pancreas, salivary
glands
 Apocrine: secretions released as droplet with cytoplasm from apical surface;
mammary glands and apocrine sweat glands
 Multicellular Exocrine glands
Type of Secretion

Mucous glands , mucinogens , large glycosylated proteins,

hydrated, swell and become a viscous gel like lubricant ,mucin , a
major component of mucus(minor salivary glands)

Serous glands, a watery enzyme-rich fliuid (pancreas)

Mixed glands, mucous acini + serous acini +mucous acini with

serous demilunes (Submandibular gland)
?
THE END

Thank You