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Integumen Dan Otot
Integumen Dan Otot
Tissues are:
Collections of specialized cells and cell products
organized to perform a limited number of functions
Histology = study of tissues
The four tissue types are:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial tissue
Includes glands and epithelium
Glands are secretory
Is avascular
Forms a protective barrier that regulates
permeability
Cells may show polarity
Functions of epithelium
Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretions
Specializations of epithelium
Perform secretory functions
Perform transport functions
Maintain physical integrity
Ciliated epithelia move materials across their
surface
The Polarity of Epithelial Cells
Maintaining the integrity of
epithelium
Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules
(CAM)
Cells attach at specialized cell junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Intercellular connections
Structure of typical epithelium
Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface
Lamina lucida
Lamina densa
Columnar
Squamous Epithelia
Cuboidal Epithelia
Cuboidal Epithelia
Transitional Epithelium
Columnar Epithelia
Columnar Epithelia
Columnar Epithelia
Glandular epithelia
Exocrine glands
Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland
Endocrine glands
Release hormones into surrounding fluid
Glandular secretions can be:
Merocrine (product released through exocytosis)
Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and
cytoplasm)
Holocrine (destroys the cell)
Mechanisms of Glandular
Secretion
Glands
Unicellular
Individual secretory cells
Multicellular
Organs containing glandular epithelium
Classified according to structure
A Structural Classification of
Exocrine Glands
Connective tissue functions:
Specialized cells
Matrix
Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground
substance
Connective tissue proper
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells
Melanocytes
Mast cells
Lymphocytes
Microphages
Connective tissue proper
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue
Dense
Dense regular CT
Dense irregular CT
The Cells and Fibers of Connective
Tissue Proper
Connective Tissue in Embryos
Adipose and Reticular Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
Dense Connective Tissues
Fluid connective tissues
Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix
Blood
Formed elements and plasma
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to the heart
Capillaries allow diffusion into the interstitial fluid
Lymph
Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic vessels
Formed Elements of the Blood
Supporting connective tissues
Cartilage and bone support the rest of the body
Cartilage
Grows via interstitial and appositional growth
Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfate
Has osteocytes
Depend on diffusion through canaliculi for nutrients
Little ground substance
Dense mineralized matrix
Surrounded by periosteum
Bone
Membranes are simple organs
Form a barrier
Composed of epithelium and connective tissue
Four types
Cutaneous
Synovial
Serous
Mucous
Membranes
Mucous membranes
Synovial membrane
Incomplete lining within joint cavities
Organs and systems are
interconnected
Network of connective tissue proper consisting
of
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Subserous fascia
The Fasciae
Muscle tissue
Specialized for contraction
Three types
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle
Cells are multinucleate
Striated voluntary muscle
Divides via satellite cells
Cardiac muscle
Cardiocytes occur only in the heart
Striated involuntary muscle
Relies on pacemaker cells for regular contraction
Smooth muscle tissue
Non-striated involuntary muscle
Can divide and regenerate
Neural tissue
Conducts electrical impulses
Conveys information from one area to another
Neural tissue cells
Neurons
Transmit information
Neuroglia
Support neural tissue
Help supply nutrients to neurons
Neural Tissue
Neural anatomy
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon (nerve fiber)
Carries information to other neurons
Inflammation and regeneration
Injured tissues respond in coordinated
fashion
Homeostasis restored by inflammation
and regeneration
Inflammatory response
Isolates injured area
Damaged cells, tissue components and
dangerous microorganisms removed
Infection avoided
Regeneration restores normal function
An Introduction to Inflammation
Aging and tissue repair
Change with age
Repair and maintenance less efficient
Structure altered
Chemical composition altered
Aging and cancer incidence
Incidence of cancer increases with age
70-80% of all cases due to exposure to
chemicals or environmental factors
Changes in a Tissue under Stress