Stomata
• Pair of identical cell called
guard cell.
• Centre pore through which
gaseous exchange takes
places.
• Surrounded by epidermal
cells.
Ranunculaceous or anomocytic
:-
• un modified epidermal cells
of varying size.
Cruciferous or anisocytic:-
• stoma is surrounded by 3-4
subsidiary cells which
marked smaller than other.
Rubiaceous or paracytic
• :2 subsidiary cell parallel to
the pore.
Caryophyllaceous or diacytics:
• 2 subsidiary cell right angles
to pore.
:I like from you all

respectful
Stomata
 How we can identify the D microscopically?

I)Types of Stomata:

1-Paracytic Stomata: 2- Diacytic Stomata:

3-Aisocytic Stomata: 4-Anomocytic Stomata:

Types of Stomata
 EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

III)Types of Hair

a)Non glandular hair b)Glandular hair

1)Simple hair 2)Multicellular 1)Unicellular stalk,unicellular

hair head

2)Unicellular stalk,multicellular head

3)Multicellular head multicellular stalk

4)Branched hair
 EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Key elements:
III)Types of Hair:
A) Non glanduler hair:
1) Simple hair:
* Covering Trichoma (senna)
* Cystolithic hair (Cannabis)
 EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Key elements:
III)Types of Hair:
A) Non glanduler hair:
2) Multicellular:
Uniseriate:
* Conical shaped hair (Datura Strammonium)
* T-shape hair (Pyrethrium)
* Collapsed hair (Digitalis)
 EvaLuation of vegetable drugs

How we can identify the D microscopically?

Key elements:
III)Types of Hair:
A) Non glanduler hair:
2) Multicellular:
Biseriate:
Pluriseriate “Shaggy hair”: (Cumin)
 EvaLuation of vegetable drugs
Cont.
How we can identify the D microscopically?
Key elements:
III)Types of Hair:
B) Glanduler hair:
1) Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head (Digitalis)
2) Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head
Digitalis
Digitalis & Datura Strammonium
Mentha”Labiaceous hair”
 Trichomes
(Out growth of epidermal cells)
• Glandular, non glandular
• Unicellular stalk & multiseriate head
• Uniseriate stalk & uniseriate head.
• Multicellular stalk & multiseriate head.
• Multiseriate head & uniseriate stalk.
• Wavy unicellular warty trichome.
• Collapsed clothing uniseriate.
Diagram of entire leaf:

The Leaf
1) Diagram of T.S. of midrib of a leaf (at low power

The Leaf
X10):

1) Spongy cell 2) endoderm vascular bandes contains:

(xylum[3] & phoem[4] . 5) percyclic fiber (may
present or not). 6) Cortical tissue: Paranchyma (*)
& Collenchyma (*)

* we use Chloralhydrate + phloroglycinol +conc. HCL why?

Vascular Tissues
 Ground Tissue
-forms the bulk of the plant.

-thin-walled and -have thicker walls for -are hollow, nonliving

capable of flexible support support cells with
photosynthesis (celery strands). secondary walls.
when they contain
chloroplasts.
 Plant Ground Tissues
• Thin cell wall • Thick cell wall
• Uneven cell wall
• Storage & photosynthesis • Strength and support
• Flexible support

PARENCHYMA COLLENCHYMA SCLERENCHYMA

Two Kinds of Plant Vascular Tissue
- Vessel Elements- pitted cell wall.
• Xylem - Carries H2O, dissolved nutrients.
Water pipeline
- Upward movement.
- Tracheids - pitted
- Dead at maturity.
• Phloem - Carries products of photosynthsis.
-Sieve tube - perforated end
- Up and downward movement.
- Alive at maturity walls
- transport sugar
- Companion Cells- swirl
cytoplasm to push sugar up or
down

Sieve-tube
Companion
cells

Vessels Tracheid
 Vascular Tissue
• Two types of vascular (transport) tissue:
• Xylem transports water and minerals from
roots to leaves and contains two types of
conducting cells: tracheids and vessel
elements.
• Phloem transports organic nutrients from
leaves to roots and has sieve-tube elements
with companion cells, sieve plates.
 Xylem structure
Leaves

Xylem transports
water and
minerals from
roots to leaves

Water
Contains two
types of
conducting cells:
tracheids and
vessel elements. Roots
 Xylem types

• Annular vessels
• Spiral vessel.
• Scalariform vessel.
• Reticulate vessel.
 Phloem structure
Leaves

Transports
organic nutrients
from leaves to
Organic nutrients
roots
Has sieve-tube
elements with
companion cells
cells at sieve
plates.
Roots
 History and scope of Pharmacognosy
Ayur veda –ancient science of
• Papyrus Ebers-text life.
document contain 800 Hippocrat
formula,700 different
• Father of medicine(460-360
drugs.
b.c)
• Shen Nung-3000 BC • Aristotle:384-322 b.c –
indentify 365 drugs. father of animal kingdom.
• Charaka -50 group of ten • Galen-number of pain
herbs for each group. releiving material (opium)
• Sushrutha-760 herbs in 7 • Paracelsus: to develop
sets based on properties. mineral salt,which increase
potential of curative
agents.
• Extraction & alcohol extraction –reported by
lemery.
• William withering –medicinal properties of
foxglove(digitalis)& percolation is used.
• Derosne- isolate narcotine from opium.
• Sertuerner:- isolate morphine from opium.
• Pelletier:- isolate strychnine from nuxvomica.
• Cocaine, pilocarpine, oubain,
• ephedrine, digoxin,resperine,theophyline,
quinidine are discovered at 20 th century.
• 19 th centuary “Materia medica”are used for
subject known as Pharmacognosy.
• Analecta pharmacognostica
• Swede Linnaceus –binomial system, systematic
classification of plants.
• Plant classification developed by Bentham &
Hooker.
• G.Mendel’s –plant hybrid was published.
• Berg_anatomical atlas for crude drug
• Collin-anatomical atlas of powdered drug.
 definition
• Branch of applied bioscience,which treat
medicinal and crude or related product
obtained from plant, animal,mineral
orgin.systematic study of crude drug include
history,distribution,cultivation,collection,proce
ssing for market and preservation study of
sensory ,physical, chemical,structural
characters of crude drug.
 Scope of Pharmacognosy
 Plant taxonomy ,breeding, plant pathology and
plant genetics-development of cultivation.
 Plant chemistry-phytochemistry, concerned with
extraction, purification and characterisation.
 Knowledge of chemotaxonomy- biogenetic
pathways for primary & secondary metabolites
&plant tissue culture.
 Plant biochemistry, chemical engineering to
develop collection, processing, storage
technology.
 Linked with P. chemistry, &P.cology.
 Separation of chemical constituents
 Action on animal, human
 Determine dosage form
 Linked with ayurvedic &allopathic system.
 Classification of crude drugs

Plant source:- senna, fennel, clove

Animal source:- cod liver oil,shark liver oil, gelatin
Mineral source:- talc , kaolin
Organized :-
• Cellular parts of plant obtained
• Having cell structure.
• Perform chemical test
Un organized :-
• Non cellular Product obtained from plant By means
extraction
• No cell structure.
• Perform chemical test also.
 General classification
Alphabetical classification:
 Indian pharmacopoeia
 British pharmacopoeia
 British herbal pharmacopoeia
 BPC
 USP&NF
 Encyclopaedia of common ingredient used in drug
and cosmetics.
 Eg.acacia, dill, cinchona, fennal .
 Taxonomical classification
Classified according to phyla ,orders, families,
genera, species, subspecies etc.

Dis advantage:-
 part of plant are not
mentioned.
 Chemical constituents,
&therapeutic significance
are not represented.
Example
• Phyllum-spermatophyta
• Division-angiosperma
• Class-dicotyledons
• Order-rosales
• Family-leguminosae
• Subfamily-papilionaceae
• Genus-glycyrrhiza,astragalus
• Species-glabra, gummifer.
• Phyllum- Spermatophyta
• Division- Anginospermae
• Class- Dicotyledons
• Subclass- Sympetale
• Order- Tubiflorae
• Family- Solanaceae
• Genus- Atropa, hyoscyamus, datura
• species- niger, stramonium, belladonna.
 Macroscopical classification
Organised
• Seed-nuxvomica, • Rhizome-ginger,
strophanthus, isapagol
turmeric,,podophyllum
• Leaves-senna, vasaka,
• Flower-clove, saffron,
digitalis, mentha
pyrethrum.
• Bark-cinnamon,
• Fruits-Fennel, Bael,
cinchona, kurchi, asoka
Coriander
• Wood-qussia, sandal
• Entire plant-Ephedra,
wood.
ergot, Vinca, Belladonna
• Root-ipecac,rauwolfia,
jalap
 Un organised

• Dried latex :-opium

• Resin &combination :-balsam of tolu, balsam of peru,
asafoetida, benzoin.
• Dried juiced :- aloes.
• Gums :-acacia, tragacanth
• Dried extract :-agar, gelatin.
 Chemical classification
Glycoside :-
• two type
• Steriodal cardiac
glycoside-digitalis,
liquorice.
• Anthroquinone
glycoside-senna, cascara.
Alkaloid :- nuxvomica,vinca
• Volatile oil :- fennel,
mentha
• Lipids :- castor oil,
beeswax, cod liver oil.
• Carbohydrate :- agar,
acacia, honey starch.
• Resin:- colophony.
• Vitamin:- shark oil
• Protein :- soya, spurillina.
 Pharmacological classification
GIT:-
 Bitter tonic-
quassia,cinchona.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:-
 Carminative-fennel,
 Expectorant-vasaka
coriander.
 Anti tussive-codeine
 Emetic-ipecac.
 Anti amoebic –kurchi  Broncho dilator-
ephedra.
 Laxative- aloes
 Purgative- senna
 Peptic ulcer-liquorice
Cardiac vascular system: • Anti cholinergic-
Cardiac tonic-digitalis belladonna.
Cardiac depressant- Central nervous system:
cinchona Analgesics-opium
Vasoconstrictors- CNS stimulant-coffee
ergot,ephedra Analeptic-nuxvomica
Antihypertensive-rauwolfia CNS depressant-
Autonomic nervous belladonna, opium
system: Hallucinogenics-cannabis,
Adrenergics-ephedra poppy latex.
Cholinergics-physostigma Anticancer- vinca,
podophyllum,taxus
 CHEMOTAXONOMY
• The chemical futures of the plants are used for the
classification or solving taxonomical problem.
• Chemotaxonomy otherwise called as chemical
taxonomy or chemosystematics or chemical plant
taxonomy.
• Basic chemical futures – Alkaloids, Flavanoids,
Carotenoids, Polysaccharides, Terpenoids, Fatty
acids, Amino acids, and aromatic compounds
 Evidence for the relation with taxonomy &
chemical compounds
 Presence of alkaloids – Solanaceae Purpose or significance
 Aromatc compounds – Lamiaceae • It can be used from the variety up
 Aromatic bplant is – Jungledales

to division in the classification
Presence of tannin
• Chemical evidence is very useful
Chemical constituents used in
Taxonomy in all group of plant kingdom
especially angiosperms
Divided into three
• Develop taxonomical character
• Directly visible – Starch grains, to improve the existing systems
rhapides
• Develop the phytochemical
• Identified by chemical test – knowledge by chemical
Phenolics, Betadine, oils, fats, relationship between the plants.
waxes and alkaloids.
• Proteins
 Chemical constituents used in Taxonomy

Divided into three

• Directly visible – Starch grains, rhapides
• Identified by chemical test – Phenolics, Betadine,
oils, fats, waxes and alkaloids.
• Proteins
Classified according to the molecular
weight into two group
• Low molecular weight ( 1000 or less) – Amino
acids, alkaloids, fatty acids, terpenoids and
flavanoids (called as micro molecules)
• High molecular weight (more than 1000) - Protein,
DNA, Complex polysaccharides.
 Examples for chemotaxonomy
Flavanoids
• Most widely and effectively
used in chemotaxonomy
• Flavanoids are phenolic
glycosides consists of two
benzene ring linked together
through a heterocyclic ring
• Reason for wide use – Widely
distributed, easy
identification and great
structural variation.
Classification of flavanoids
• Anthocyanins – Cyanidin,
Dephenidin
• Flavone – Apigenin,
Levtolin.
• Flavanols – Kaempferol,
Quercetin.
• Flavanones – Naringenin
• Iso flavones – Orobol
• Iso flavanoids – Ferrinin
 Example
• Alkaloids are very useful in the classification of
– Veratrum (Lilliaceae), Papavar, Argemone
(Papavarace)
• Morphine is only produced in – Papavarum
somniferum
• Strichnine is only produced in Nuxvomica
• Iso Quinoline alkaloids are accumulated in
Fumariaceae & Papavaraceae
 SERO TAXONOMY
• Using serology to solving taxonomical
problems
• Serology – Antigen & Antibody reaction
• Antigen – Substance capable of stimulating
the formation of antibody
• Antibody – Specific protein produce by the
plasma cells
• Antibody attached chemically with specific
antigen (widely proteins)
 Significance

• Similarities & dissimilarities of taxa

• Similarities between species, genera and
families
• Comparing non morphological characters
• Single protein from difference taxa also
compared
Serology Precipitants
• Interaction between • Antibody combine with
antigen and antibody antigenic material form
• Study of properties of precipitin.
antisera • The reaction is called
Agglutinogen Precipitation
• Antigens are called • The invitro reaction between
agglutinogen solution of antigen and
Agglutination antibody form precipitation
• Type of antigen & Reference reaction
antibody reaction in • Reaction between antibody
dumps of organism & antigenic material
Agglutinin Hapten
• Antibodies that • Sub. Unable to induce
participate in antibody formation
agglutination process
 Protein P

Injected to rabbit

Antibody

Extracted from blood

Allow to react with Anti serum

proteins of Q, R, S, T
Allow to react with original plant protein

Coagulation takes place

Coagulation takes place

The degree of coagulation varies

 Applications

• Used to classify the orders – Apiales,

Caryophylales, Papavarales, Rubiales,
Rananculales.
• Relationship of solanaceae plants – Solanum,
Nicotina, Hyocyamus & Datura
• Used in the classification leguminaceae plants