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Fat 15%
Mineral 7%
Water 60%
The Body fluids
Total body water (TBW):
consititutes 55-60% of the body weight in
young men and 45-50% in young women.
Why the percentage is lower in women?
Infants have low body fat, low bone mass, and are
73% or more water.
Total water content declines throughout life.
Healthy males are about 60% water; healthy
females are around 50%
This difference reflects females’:
Higher body fat
Smaller amount of skeletal muscle
In old age, only about 45% of body weight is water.
3
Body Fluid Compartments
Extracellular Intracellular
fluid ( 1/3) fluid ( 2/3)
33% of TBW 67% of TBW
20% of body wt 40% of body wt
Peritoneal
Pericardi
al
Synovial
VOLUME OF BODY FLUIDS IN 70 kg MAN
TOTAL VOLUME
42 L
PLASMA
4 L (ROUGHLY ¼ OF ECF)
Fluid Compartments
Intracellular
Fluid Compartments
Interstitial
Fluid Compartments
Intravascular
(mostly plasma)
Body Fluid Compartments
Example: How to calculate total body water (TBW)?
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Differences between ECF &
ICF
ECF ICF
Cations: Anions: Cations: Anions:
Na+ (142mmol/L) Cl- (108) Na+ (14) Cl- (4)
K+ (4.2) HCO3- (24) HCO3- (10)
K+ (140)
Mg2+ (0.8) Mg2+ (20) Phosphate ions
Nutrients:
O2, glucose, fatty acids, & Nutrients:
amino acids. High concentrations of proteins.
Wastes:
CO2, Urea, uric acid,
excess water, &
ions.
Sodium Na+
Most abundant ion in ECF
90% of extracellular cations
Plays pivotal role in fluid and electrolyte balance as it accounts for half of the osmolarity of
ECF
Chloride Cl-
Most prevalent anion in ECF
Moves easily between ECF and ICF because most plasma membranes contain Cl -
leakage channels and transporters
Can help balance levels of anions in different fluids
Bicarbonate HCO3-
Second most prevalent extracellular anion
Concentration increases in blood passing through systemic capillaries picking
up carbon dioxide
Chloride shift helps maintain correct balance of anions in ECF and ICF.
Potassium K+
Most abundant cation in ICF
Establish resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers
Maintains normal ICF fluid volume
Helps regulate pH of body fluids when exchanged for H+
Regulation of fluids and electrolytes:
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Sodium balance
Potassium balance
Rate of sodium uptake across • Potassium ion
digestive tract directly concentrations in ECF are
proportional to dietary intake low
Sodium losses occur through – Not as closely regulated
urine and perspiration as sodium
Shifts in sodium balance result in
expansion or contraction of ECF
– Potassium ion excretion
increases as
Large variations corrected by
homeostatic mechanisms • ECF concentrations
Too low, ADH / aldosterone rise
secreted
Too high, ANP secreted
• Aldosterone secreted
• pH rises
– Potassium retention
occurs when pH falls
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Specialized Fluids of the Body
Milk
Secreted by mammary glands
Complete natural food
83-87% water and 13-17% solids: (Vitamins except Vit – C, Lactose, Triacylglyerols, Caesin (80%),
Lactalbumin and immunoglobulins.
Function: Milk sugar provides galactose, a structural unit for growing infant.
In intestine, it gets metabolized to lactic acid which eliminates harmful bacteria.
Amniotic Fluid
Liquid produced by membranes and fetus
Volume of fluid increases with gestational age
Clear with some desquamated fetal cell and a little lipid.
Aqueous Humor
Fluid that fills the interior chamber of eye
Secreted by ciliary body, enters anterior chamber
Blockade in the flow of aqueous humor causes glaucoma due to increased
intraocular pressure.
Posterior chamber of eye is filled with vitrous humor which contains a gel
(vitrous body of hyaluronic acid secreted by retina)
Sweat
Secretion of sweat gland
Regulates body temperature by cooling and evaporation
Sweat glands controlled by ANS, Adrenal cortical steroid - which affect the quantity
of electrolyte present.
Tears
Produced by lacrimal glands
Lysozyme protects eye from infectious agents
Lubricate the surface of the cornea
Fill the irregularities of the corneal surface to improve optical properties
Protects eyes from injury
Carry Home Message
Extracellular Intracellular
fluid ( 1/3) fluid ( 2/3)
33% of TBW 67% of TBW
20% of body wt 40% of body wt
Peritoneal
Pericardi
al
Synovial
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