Environmental control

Sustainable architecture and green

architecture
Dr – muhannad tarrad
Walaa Ali 1750703034
Aseel Hussein 1800703065
Index

………………………………………………
• Introduction
……………………. 01
• Sustainable Building Definition
………………………………………………02
• Sustainable architecture goals
……………………. 03
• Sustainable architecture Principles
………………………………………………08
• Near-building features
……………………. 16
• LEED
………………………………………………
• Green Building Examples
…………………….
• References
………………………………………………
…………………….
………………………………………………
…………………….
………………………………………………
…………………….
1 Introduction
Since the convening of the United Nations
Conference under the title "Earth Summit" in
1992, the pursuit of sustainable development
must include a full realization of buildings and
cities that are distinguished by the principle of
sustainability, after many serious international
conferences. Trends started emerging and I tried
to achieve them with the environment. These
trends have been called contemporary trends in
environmental design. One of the most
important trends is "green architecture" which
focuses on the relationship between buildings
and nature. This trend emerged as a response to
confronting environmental problems and health
risks that occurred due to buildings that do not
have an environmental dimension. In their
designs or the importance of conserving energy
and natural resources. Most buildings nowadays
ignore the weather and its effects, and the
purpose of cooling increases energy
consumption, and on the other hand the
problems of rapid depletion of energy appear,
due to the constant need for energy for design
and coexistence inside buildings, but all the time
this energy is wasted due to the users or the
wrong design of the building.
Is the Architect practice to increase the
efficiency of the buildings, energy uses,
through better siting, design, construction,
operation, maintenance, and removal,
taking into account every aspect of the
complete building life cycle. Encourage
street performers.
• The sustainable architecture its apart
of the green building in it use
( representing in alternative energy
mainly ) , the effective green building
leads to
 Decrease the building coast
 Improved the public health due to
improved the indoor quality
 Increase the negative impact on the
nature using the sustainable resources
01
1 Introduction

Practitioners of green building often seek to

achieve not only ecological balance but aesthetic
harmony as well . The appearance and style of
sustainable homes and buildings can be nearly
indistinguishable from their less sustainable
counterparts .

Over one - third of the Jordan energy is

consumed by buildings - This does not
consider the amount of energy used in the
manufacture of building materials or the
finite resources used in product
composition Construction debris accounts
for nearly Construction debris accounts for
nearly 28% of landfill wast

02
2 Sustainable architecture goals
The Sustainable architecture works on achieve
main goals that why it established the main two 2.2 Environmental goals:
goals are represented in two goals are :

• Mitigate global warming through

energy conservation
Economical goals • Minimize environmental impacts
resulting from the extraction of the
energy sources
Environmental goals • Reduce pollution of air, water, and
soil.
• Protect clean water sources.
• Prevent unnecessary and irreversible
2.1 Economical goals: on version of farm land to
nonagricultural uses.
• Reduce energy costs. • Reduce use of landfills.
• Improve productivity.
• Create green jobs.
• Increase marketing appeal.
• Improve public relations.

03
3 Sustainable architecture Principles

A green building is a building that has a
substantially reduced impact on the natural
environment and that provides indoor conditions
conducive to human health.
There are several principles we should apply in
the building to say it’s on the sustainable
building and its also make the process easier to
success in the end, These are:
A green building presents even more challenges, with
added constraints and often difficult performance
goals to achieve. Designing and building an
affordable green building—one that performs well in
meeting the needs of its occupants, does not harm the
environment, is conducive to good human health, and
meets its owner’s budget—is the ultimate challenge.
Guiding principles can sometimes help to manage
how we meet a challenge as large as this

Loads and Holistic Integrate

layers Continuity
Design d Design

The enterprise of designing and constructing a

building is extremely challenging. Hundreds or
even thousands of decisions are required to
complete any single building, as tradeoffs of
program, form, quality, cost, scheduling, and
regulations are weighed.

04
3.1 Loads and layers

Buildings shelter their occupants from a wide variety

of outdoor elements, which we might refer to as
loads. These loads are in some ways stresses or
pressures, both on our buildings and on our everyday
lives

We define a layer of shelter as a building component

that protects against loads. Thermal insulation in a wall
is a layer of shelter that serves to moderate the impact
of temperature extremes. The siding or cladding on a
building is a layer of shelter that keeps out wind and
rain and shields against the effects of ultraviolet
radiation and other loads. Some layers of shelter are
intentionally selective, purposefully letting in desired
elements while filtering out other loads. For example,
windows let in daylight while tempering temperature
extremes. Screens let in fresh air, but keep insects out

Fig. 1. Examples of layers of shelter.

05
3.2 Continuity

Another principle of green design is to not only

design strong and robust layers but also ensure
the continuity of each layer of shelter.
The importance of continuity for the thermal
boundary of buildings has been widely
recognized in recent years. Such layers are
weakened when they are broken or are
discontinuous. Most conventional buildings have
many such discontinuities.

Discontinuities can also be created by thermal

bridges, which are conductive materials that Fig.2. Weak layer of shelter is one that has many discontinuities, whether
penetrate or interrupt the thermal insulation layer they be physical gaps or thermal bridges.
in a wall, floor, or roof assembly. For example,
the wood or metal studs in a framed wall can act
as thermal bridges, allowing heat to move
through the wall.

Fig.3. Unprotected thermal insulation can weaken a layer of

shelter.

06
3.3 Holistic Design

Is to plan holistically, to view the building and its

environment as a whole and to examine all
components when designing from the outside in.
Energy is used and wasted in many ways. In order
to significantly reduce such energy losses, the
building must be treated as a whole and all losses
must be minimized.

A holistically treated building is one in which

many small improvements are made, all of which
add up to a significant whole. A 12-inch- (305-
mm) thick super-insulated wall cannot itself make
a building energy efficient if the windows in it
have poor thermal resistance, if there is extensive
air leakage through attic fixtures and elements, or
if the heating system has an inefficient distribution
system.

Fig.4. Like solving a three-dimensional puzzle, effective green design involves a

large collection of small steps, all done with the owner’s interests fully
recognized, to address the complex challenge of making a building both green and
affordable

07
3.4 Integrated design

With integrated design, participants in a project,

including the owner, architect, engineers,
consultants, tenants, and contractors, work
together as a team from the early initial stages of
a project. This collaborative approach is
intended to ensure that all stakeholders
contribute to the greening of the building and
that important viewpoints and needs are
considered early on in the design process.
Integrated design has made an invaluable
contribution to green building design, most
significantly by promoting the early evaluation
of energy tradeoffs.

In designing from the outside in, we do not seek

to relegate later-stage design steps, such as the
layout and specification of lighting, heating, and
cooling systems, to a lower priority. Early and
integrated discussions are essential. We merely
suggest that these design issues should not be
finalized until later in the process.
Fig.5. The integrated design process involves and engages diverse
stakeholders and emphasizes connections and communication among the
client, design, and construction teams.
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4 Near-Building Features
Near-building features include such structures and devices as overhangs, awnings, solar panels, balconies,
and shutters. Many of these features can be usefully applied as added layers of shelter. If misapplied,
however, some near-building features can inadvertently increase energy use in buildings

Fig.6. Horizontal louvers parallel to a wall

permit air circulation near the wall and
4.1 Overhangs and Awnings reduce conductive heat gain. The louvers
may be operated manually or controlled
automatically with time or photoelectric

controls to adapt to the solar angle .

Overhangs and awnings that face east, south,
or west reduce solar gains in summer, and so
reduce the energy required for air
Fig. 7. Horizontal overhangs are most
conditioning. If sized correctly, they allow effective when they have southern
solar gains in winter when the sun’s heat is orientations

useful. Overhangs also shield walls and

windows from water intrusion and protect
building materials, such as wood and some Fig.8. Vertical louvers are most effective for eastern or western
types of caulk, from deterioration caused by exposures. The louvers may be operated manually or controlled
automatically with time or photoelectric controls to adapt to the solar
exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays. Exterior angle. Separation from the wall reduces conductive heat
shutters can serve similar purposes. There is
far greater value in blocking the sun before it
reaches a building rather than trying to shield
its rays with blinds or shades indoors, after
they have passed through windows and carried Fig.9. Trellises and other exterior structures can provide shade depending on their
heat into the building. proximity, height, and orientation, especially for east and west exposures requiring greater
overhang depths.

09
4.2 Solar Panels

Roofs are a logical location for solar panels. The inherent
structure of a building makes roof-mounted installations
more affordable than ground-mounted installations, which
require their own foundation. The elevation of a roof
reduces the risk of shading by the building itself, by
adjacent buildings and structures, or by vegetation. Limited
access to roofs also lessens the risk of theft, vandalism, and
other damage to the solar panels.
This may not be practical due to the height of the assembly.
For rows of tilted panels, orienting rectangular panels with
their long edge parallel to the roof may provide slightly
more capacity than if the panels were to have their shorter
edge parallel to the roof. To maintain a lower profile with
panels not rising above the roof, one option is even to lay
the panels horizontally on the roof.

4.2.1 Flat roofs

Flat roofs where space is more than sufficient for a required

solar system, the panels should be tilted for optimum
efficiency to minimize material use and maximize cost-
effectiveness. Rows of tilted panels need to be spaced such
that each row does not shade an adjacent row. This is
typically done by evaluating shading at 3 pm on December
21 for a given location. For flat roofs where space is limited
and as many panels as possible are sought to maximize
capacity—for example, to achieve zero-energy use in a
building— the maximum capacity is obtained by using a
single set of panels stacked above each other, resulting in
the appearance of a shed roof.

Fig.10. Locating solar panels on flat roofs.

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4.2.2 Solar Panels tilt

. The requirements for both the tilt and orientation of a
solar array are somewhat forgiving. Reasonable energy
output is still possible for panels at nonoptimal tilts and
orientations. For example, within plus/minus 10 degrees
tilt from optimal, the sacrifice in capacity of solar
photovoltaic systems is typically less than 2%. However,
more significant variations from the optimal tilt will more
measurably reduce output. Vertically oriented panels have
approximately 30% less annual output capacity than
optimally tilted systems in northern United States
locations, and approximately 50% less in southern
locations. Horizontally oriented panels have approximately
20% less capacity than optimally tilted systems in northern
locations, and approximately 10% less capacity in southern
locations
Like tilt, the orientation of a solar array is also forgiving,
within limits. Orientations within plus/minus 30 degrees
from true south in the northern hemisphere result in a
production sacrifice of less than 4%. Panels oriented due
east or west will sacrifice approximately 30% production
in the northern reaches of the continental United States and
approximately 10% to 15% in the south. This loss can be
reduced by lowering the tilt from the optimal tilt for south-
facing panels.

Fig.11. Impact of tilt on solar panel output

Fig.12. Impact of orientation on solar panel output 11
4.3 Balconies
balconies can be considered to be extended surfaces that
increase the rate of heat transfer
We can consider a couple of approaches to thermally isolate
balcony structures from a building, so that heat from inside the
building is not conducted outdoors by the floors and walls of
balconies. Thermal isolation can be achieved by using
nonconductive spacers between the balcony structure and the
main building structure, or by supporting the balconies with a
structure that is external to the main building structure.
Fig.13. Balconies can wick heat out of buildings.
Balconies also usually have large glass doors, which
themselves are a point of vulnerability for buildings. Large
sliding glass doors, typically metal-framed, not only leak air
around their long perimeters but they also have relatively low
R-values and high U-factors , which can lead to undesirable
heat gain or loss through the glazing itself. Smaller insulated
doors might be considered for access to balconies where
possible.
Fig.14. Balcony doors.
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4.4 Roof uses
Green buildings have many features that require roof space.
In addition to conventional roof-mounted components, such
as heating and cooling equipment and exhaust fans, and other
roof uses, such as patios and penthouses, a variety of green
features may compete for roof space:
• Solar photo voltaic modules
• Solar thermal collector sand possibly storage components
• Skylights or monitors for daylighting
• Vegetation for green roofs
• Heat-recovery ventilators
Fig.15. Green and nongreen elements that compete for space on a roof.
For a single-story building, the roof may be large enough to
host all required green features. As a building gets taller and
its roof area is reduced relative to its overall size, green
building features may need to be prioritized. Prioritization
can be based on a life-cycle analysis or on the potential
reduction in energy use or carbon emissions. For example, on
a building having limited available space on its roof and for
which zero energy is sought, priority might be given to solar
energy for its higher contribution to energy savings, before
considering skylights or a vegetated roof, both of which
would offer less savings.
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4.5 Walls

Masonry walls are best insulated on the outer face of the main
wall, on the inside of the cladding or siding. This location
allows the thermal mass to be inside the thermal layer, where
it can moderate temperature swings and serve as a form of
thermal storage. This location also lowers the risk of
condensation in cold climates. If the insulation is located on
the interior of the main wall, there is a risk in cold climates
that the interior face of the main wall will become cold and
come into contact with warm moist air that finds its way past
the insulation layer, causing moisture in the air to condense on
the cold surface. The insulation between a masonry bearing
wall and cladding is usually rigid. The type and thickness of
insulation are first established by the energy code and then
can be incrementally increased to lower energy use as an
added investment. A secondary thermal layer can be added by
insulating the interior cavity formed by the fastening of
gypsum board to stud framing on the interior of the masonry
wall. With the exterior of the masonry wall insulated, thus
warming the interior of the wall in cold climates, this
secondary layer of insulation can be added without risk of
condensation.

Fig.16. Insulating a masonry bearing wall

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4.6 Windows
Windows Considering the many parts of a building, windows present one of the largest conundrums. Windows welcome natural
light into buildings, offer building occupants views and connections to the outdoors and to the community beyond, and for many
people bestow on buildings a natural beauty. However, windows are significant contributors to energy losses in a building and can
also contribute to such discomfort as drafts, glare, convective air currents, and thermal and radiation losses.

4.6.1 Day light

Daylighting For green buildings, windows offer the
potential for energy savings through daylighting.
Daylighting can be provided by side lighting and or by top
lighting. Side lighting is supplied by windows in walls
while top lighting may be provided by a variety of roof-
mounted windows, including skylights and roof monitors.
Top lighting is largely limited to single-story buildings or the
top floors of multistory buildings, although a variety of light
tube products have been introduced that allow extending light
penetration through attics and top floors to reach the floors
below.

Fig.18. Top lighting is largely limited to single-story buildings or the top floors of
multistory buildings, although a variety of light tube products have been introduced
that allow extending light penetration through attics and top floors to reach the floors
below.

Fig.19. Side lighting windows should be located high enough on a wall to cast
Fig.17. Side lighting windows should be located high enough on a wall to light as deeply into a space as possible
cast light as deeply into a space as possible. 15
4.6.2 Ventilation
If windows are sized for natural ventilation, casement or
awning windows offer more open area than sliding or
double-hung windows, which are intrinsically limited to
opening only one-half of their total area. Casement and
awning windows generally are tighter, with lower air
leakage than vertical or horizontal sliding windows. So if
the full size of a window is not needed for light or views, a
casement or awning window offers a way to provide more
ventilation in a smaller, energy-efficient, and affordable
way.
Natural ventilation is also an option. Natural ventilation uses
openings in buildings, such as operable windows; trickle
ventilators, the small openings in walls and below windows;
and towers or wind catchers that promote stack effect,
buoyancy-driven airflow. Wind driven, roof-mounted turbine
ventilators can be used to induce the flow of air out of buildings
while openings in buildings, typically on lower levels, allow air
to enter. Natural ventilation can be controlled by occupants, as
in the case of operable windows; uncontrolled through the use
of fixed openings; or can potentially be automatically
controlled.
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5 LEED
What is LEED?
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is
the most widely used green building rating system in the
world. Available for virtually all building types, LEED
provides a framework for healthy, highly efficient, and cost-
saving green buildings. LEED certification is a globally
recognized symbol of sustainability achievement and
leadership
LEED Certification Point Categories
LEED Certification is achieved when building projects satisfy
prerequisites and earn points to achieve different levels of
certification.
Points are how a building achieves LEED certification. The
more efficient your building, the more points you earn. The
more points you earn, the higher the certification level
(certified, silver, gold, platinum).
Prerequisite Points Within each of the seven LEED credit
categories, projects must satisfy particular prerequisites
and earn points.
LEED Certification Levels
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6 Green Building Examples
6.1. Great River Energy Headquarters Building
Introducing the building
 This building located in state of Minnesota
in the United States of America.
 The building got the platinum LEED cither
number of floors: 6
 An area of 1666.000 square-feet
 The date of project ends: mars, 2008
 Climate: Tropical
 ratification (14) by USGBC

Environmental Architecture Processors of the

Building
1) The Architectural Design of the Building
- The perfect direction for the building to get
benefits of sun light for the natural lighting in
the morning and Granulocytes wind for good
ventilation.
- Choose the horizontal extension instead of the 2) The Environmental Processors to Supply the Building by
vertical Extension to guarantee the ventilation the Natural Lighting
and good lighting, figure (7) and to find wide - Recruit the Atriums to provide the building with natural
areas to put the solar energy production units. lighting, figure (9)
- The interfaces have been designed using doubled glazing
- Building beside water body to improve the
to improve the internal lighting.
quality of air surrounded by the building, figure - 3/4 of the building is being exposed to natural lighting
(8). intensity by 25 lumens / Square feet from the natural
lighting during daytime.

17
3) The Environmental Processors to Provide the
Natural Ventilation
- Using ventilation displacively to provide the
natural Ventilation with 20%, where the
replacement occurs for the hot air found in
emptiness with the cold air through the roof or
walls, figure (10).
- Air entry and exit from Atriums holes, which
helps to improve the quality of internal air.
4) The Environmental Processors for Rationalization
and Re-use
- Implementation of the systems for re-use the
water of rain.
- The using of can be reduced by 89% through
using the gain of rainwater on the roof, and the
modern installations in the building.
- The treatment of wastewater and re-use it in
watering the plant elements, figure (11).
5) The Means of Producing Clean Energy (New and Renewable
Energy)
- Investment the photovoltaic cells to produce solar energy,
figure (12).
- Using wind turbines for electricity production, figure (12).
- The building gets about 14% of its needs of energy from
renewable energy (10%from wind turbines and 3- 5% from
photo voltaic cells).
6) The Green Architecture Processors Environmental –Friendly
- Using environmental –friendly materials like wood.
- Implementation of the plant elements with low consuming
of water.
- All paints and building materials leak-proof.
18
6.2. Bahrain World Trade Center
Introducing the building
 Located in Manama-Bahrain (6), figure (20).
 Number of floors: 50 (twins building).
 Area of site: 3000 m2 .
 End date for the project 2008.
 Architect: ATKINS CO.
 Climate: Tropical. .
Environmental Architecture Processors of the
Building
1. The Architectural Design of the Building
- The good direction of the building towards
water body to provide natural ventilation
- The two towers have been designed like Sail-
shaped, and between them, there is a cavity
allows to get full benefits of the wind around the
building.
- The roofs have been isolated with deep layers of the
gravel to provide the thermal isolation for the roofs of the
building.
- Making large areas from sunshades to provide large
shaded areas on the outer area for the two towers, figure
(21).
- Using terrace to offer Shaded areas on the glass surfaces.
2) The Environmental Processors to Supply the Building by
the Natural Lighting
- Using sistrum to provide the natural lighting, figure (22).
- Utilization of the curtain walls in designing the
interfaces to rationalization of energy consumption and
to improve the quality of the internal lighting
- Saving about 95% from the artificial lighting by using
natural lighting during work at the daytime
19
 .
3) The Environmental Processors to Provide the
Natural Ventilation
- The good direction for the building considers
a main factor to provide the building by the
desirable wind and facilitate the task of
entering inside the holes, figure (23).
- The shape of the building helped the good
distribution for the directed air for the
building to use it in the internal holes.
- The sunshades and the Curtain walls helped 4) The Environmental Processors for
a lot in reducing the internal temperature Rationalization and Re-use
and thus achieving a good air environment. - - Using doubled Sewer systems, which separate
The good implementation of the air for wind the polluted water and rubbish and allow
catcher air r each tower length to achieve a recycling for extracted water.
good ventilation for the internal holes, figure - Collecting rainwater and purifies it and then re-
(24). use it.

20
5) The Means of Producing Clean Energy (New
and Renewable Energy)
- Using wind turbines in producing electricity,
and it’s able to provide about 11-16% from the
total consumption of energy in the both towers
and that’s equals saving electricity for about 300
house, figure (25).
- Using photovoltaic cells to operate the ways
and lighting the areas around the two towers to
.
save electricity.
6) The Green Architecture Processors
Environmental –Friendly
- Using in forestation in wide range to prevent
the emission of carbon dioxide and ensuring
Shading for parking.
- Using wood in finishing most of floors and
some of the internal holes of walls (12).
- All the harmless building materials and
recyclable materials.
21
7 Conclusion
The implementation of the principles and basics of green architecture and resorting to
environmental design trends consider from the most successful followed ways to get rid of the
increasing energy problems and also the problem of energy depletion those principles also
preserves on achieving comfort for the users of the buildings by ensuring the thermal
comfortable, natural ventilation and natural lighting not only this but also it can save and provide
the building with its needs from energy by taking full advantage from the natural energies like:
(solar energy, wind energy and water energy), which helps to reduce energy consuming also it
helps to get benefit from rain water, gray water and wastes of buildings instead of leaving it
pollute the environment, the principles of green architecture demanding of recycling for all this
elements and using it to, maintain a clean environment and get benefits from the new and
renewable energies studying the global and local buildings, which apply the green architecture
and gained certificates for of rationalization of energy consumption like LEED, the desired targets
have been extracted by application of the green natural methods and modern techniques which is
unamortized of energy in order to reach to a commercial building and environment – friendly.

22
8 References
• Green-Building-Illustrated-Ching-Francis-D.-K.-SRG

• Energy Efficiency and Conservation in the ASEAN Region. (2003).

ASEAN Energy Awards 2003. Retrieved on August 8, 2007 from
http://www.aseanenergy.org/energy_sector/energy_efficiency/energy_effic
iency .htm

• Rush, Richard D. (1986). The Building Systems Integration Handbook.

New York : Wiley

• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217322336