LIVESTOCK

PRODUCTION
Free Range
Chicken
Free Range Chicken:
 best adapted to small-scale farmers
 low cost
Breeds suitable for free range
system:

1. Basilan Mindanao
 also called “Joloano”
 Black and red colors
 Heavy breeds
 Use of fighting cocks
2. Banaba Batangas
 Yellow-red plumage
 Black wing and tail feathers
 Single comb and red earlobes
 Shank are slate in colored

3. Paraokan Palawan
 Black in color
 Tail is black with some white feathers at the
base
 Long-legged
 Stands upright with yellow to gray shank
 Rose comb with bright red earlobes
 Construction of the Chicken
House:
• Good ventilation

• Surrounded by a net

• Local materials can be used

• Nest boxes for laying hens should be

installed inside the chicken house

• Chicken house should face southeast, be built on

the northwest corner of the backyard
 Ranging area:
 Minimum 1 square meter per bird
 Fence with net or other
 Easy water distribution
 Easy access for caretaker
 Feeding Methods:
• Cage feeding
Use a feeding cage 1m wide, 2m in length
and 0.4m high.
• Floor feeding
 Feeding plot should be enclosed with a
bamboo lattice.
 Size of the plot depends on the weather and
the age of chicks.
 Floor should be covered to a depth of 7-10cm
with rice husk or clean wood shavings.
 Heating and Lighting:
• Optimum temperature depends on the age
of the chicks.
 1st week: 31˚-34˚C  3rd week: 26˚-29˚C
 2nd week 29˚-31˚C  4th week 22˚-26˚C
 Heat Source: electric lamp, charcoal, coal
stove or heater.
 For the first 2-3 weeks, should be lit through
out the day.
 Feeds and Feeding:
• One day chicks
 Broken rice, finely ground corn

• From 2nd day chicks

 Ready-made feed for chicks (or a mixture of
concentrated feeds).
 • Drinking Water
 Rest for 10-15 minutes when chicks are brought to
their new home.
 Give drinking water containing 50g sugar and 1g
Vitamin C.
 It should be clean and warm.

• Chicks older than 4 weeks

 Supply feed 2x a day
 10-15 days before marketed, feed them with broken
rice and yellow corn as much as they want.
 Feeding Rate
(grams/head/day) :
For Broilers For Layers
1-6 weeks: No Limitation 1-6 weeks: No Limitation
7-10 weeks: 45-55g/head/day 7 weeks and over: 115-
125g/head/day
11-16 weeks: 55-65g/head/day
17-20 weeks: 70-80g/head/day

 Laying hens should not be given too much feed.

 Bone meal, stone meal or oyster shell should be
added as feed as a source of minerals.
Alternative Feeds
• Grasses

• Earthworms

• Fruits
• Assorted Leafy Vegetables

• Legumes
 GOAT
PRODUCTION
Advantages on Goat Raising:
• Low capital • Low maintenance

• Multiply fast

• No religious constraints

• Fit in the small hold farm condition

 Selection Criteria:
• Does
 Should be purchased from a locality with similar
climatic condition.
 Native or graded does should not be less than 25 kilo
grams.
 Udder should be palpated for size, detection of lumps
and other abnormalities.
 Teats should be uniform at length and large enough.
 It must have a good appetite, possessing alert eyes
and well-formed pupils.
 Do not buy breeders from market.
 • Bucks
 1 yr. old that have successful mated once is
desirable.
 Acquired buck should be accompanied by
pedigree records.
 Must have a good producing line from farm
records.
 Must come from doe with high twinning rate.
 Must be active and ready to breed in-heat doe.
 Replace buck, preferably, every three years.
 Housing:
• Must be built to provide shelter.
• Goats prefer sleeping in elevated platforms like a
stair type arrangement.
• Must be well ventilated and drained and easy to
clean.
• Feeding Racks
 Should be accessible to both animals and caretaker,
preferably in the front of the aisle.
 • Flooring
Elevated atleast 15˚ to facilitate cleaning and
drainage.
 Separate pens should be provided for lactating does,
kids, growers and bucks.
 Buck pen should be visible to breeding does yet far
enough to avoid transfer of the typical goat smell esp.
to lactating does when milk is to be sold.

• Space Requirement
Goats Flooring Feeder
(meter sq) (linear cm)
Does/Bucks-Adult 0.75-1.50 15.24-25.40
Growing 0.50-0.75 10.16-15.24
Kids 0.20-0.50 7.62-12.70
 • Fenced loafing area
 Beside the goat house (100-150m2/50 hd) with
complete feeding racks and water troughs.
 Flooring must be cemented to facilitate drying.
 Ventilation is utmost importance.
 Desirable interior temperature is 28˚-30˚.
 Lighting may also be provided in the barns during the
night.
 Fencing:
 Nine-eye hog wire is the cheapest and most effective
fencing, post must be stake every 2 meters.

Pasturing:
 Well developed/improved pasture can carry up to 15
head/ha.
 Pasture divided into 9 paddocks will be desirable.
 Feeding:
 Likes tropical grasses and legumes.
 They are browsers.

Breeding:
 Does reach puberty from 4-18 months.
 Best breeding age will be 10-12 months.
 Buck services: 25 doe/year, older bucks
75/year.
 Buck to doe ratio is 1:25
Reproductive Characteristic:
Age of Puberty 4-18 months
Cycle Type Polyestrous
2-3 days
Duration of Heat
Secondary heat: 8-12 days after
Gestation Period 150 (+/-) 5 days
Cycle Length 18-21 days
Best breeding time Daily during estrus
 Signs of Heat or Estrus:
Mucus discharge from the vulva, causing
matting of tail hair.
 Uneasiness, constant urination, lack of appetite
and bleating.
 Seeks out or stays near the buck and lets
herself be mounted.
Trends in Biotechnology:
• Embryo Technology
• Artificial Insemination
Health Management:
• Sanitation
• Deworming
• External Parasites
 Common Infectious Diseases:
•Bacterial Pneumonia
Mode of Transmission: direct contact from infected or
contaminated udder, navel infection, genital or intra
uterine infection of dam, contaminated environment
Symptoms: fever, inability to suckle, nasal discharge,
coughing and respiratory distress, gradual emaciation
may terminate as pneumonia, enteritis combination,
death common.
Prevention: proper nursing in clean, dry environment
necessary, early cases respond to antibiotic
treatment.
 • Arthritis
Mode of Transmission: direct contact from infected or
contaminated udder, navel infection, genital or intra
uterine infection of
Symptoms: fever, inability to suckle, nasal discharge,
coughing and respiratory distress, gradual emaciation
may terminate as pneumonia, enteritis combination,
death common.
Prevention: proper nursing in clean, dry environment
necessary, early cases respond to antibiotic
treatment.
 • Mastitis
Mode of Transmission: direct or indirect
Symptoms: hot, painful and swollen udder, milk may be
bloodstained, may contain flakes or clots, fever, loss
of appetite, depression and dehydration
Treatment: Early treatment (intramammary infusion of
antibiotics)
Prevention: proper treatment of injured teats w/
antiseptics, disinfection for milking, detect early cases
for isolation and treatment
 • Sore Mouth/Contagious
Ecthyma
Mode of Transmission: contaminated equipment,
fences, manure, bedding and feeds; overcrowding;
infected suckling lambs
Symptoms: characterized by papules, pustules, vesicles
and scabs on the skin of the face, genitalia and feet;
mucus on the mouth, rumen, nostrils, eyelids, gums,
tongue, palate and middle ear
Prevention: vaccination
 • Hoof and Mouth Disease
Mode of Transmission: direct and indirect contact with
naturally infected animals, carriers, implements.
Blister fluid, saliva and other bodily discharges highly
infective.
Symptoms: fever, erosion in between hooves, raw
ulceration, stingy or foamy salivation, smocking of the
lips, difficulty in feed ingestion, lameness and
abortion.
Prevention: designation of quarantine, disinfection,
immunization
 • Brucellosis
Mode of Transmission: ingestion of contaminated feed
and water, infected males may transfer disease
through natural/artificial breeding
Symptoms: infertility, abortion, retained placenta,
persistent vaginal discharge, swollen and painful
testicles
Prevention: blood test, removal of infected animals,
vaccination may be tried, vaccination is impractical
 • Hemorrhagic Septicemia
Mode of Transmission: ingestion or inhalation of
infective agent
Symptoms: high fever, loss of appetite, respiratory
distress, salivation, nasal discharges, swelling of the
throat and brisket, diarrhea becoming bloody
Prevention: prophylactic vaccination, early treatment of
parenteral antibiotics and sulfa drugs
 • Anthrax
Mode of Transmission: direct ingestion of infected
materials, biting flies
Symptoms: sudden on set fever, depression and loss of
appetite, swelling of chest, head, belly, and legs,
bloody diarrhea, death in early stages, abortion, blood
discharges, convulsions
Prevention: dead animals should be cremated, antibiotic
is only effective in early and less acute cases
 • Blackleg
Mode of Transmission: initiated by trauma of the body
and oral mucosa
Symptoms: sudden death in acute cases, depression,
fever, rapid respiration and suspended ruminatism,
not painful swelling in thigh and leg muscles,
lameness
Prevention: vaccination, cremation of carcasses, early
isolation and treatment with massive doses of
antibiotics
 • Tetanus
Mode of Transmission: direct infection due to
introduction of organism in wounds, castration, old
ulcerating, wounds, dehorning complications
Symptoms: rigidity and stiffness of muscles, convulsion,
prolapse of third eyelid, stiff tail, head and neck, bloat
and nervous signs
Prevention: treat wound with hydrogen peroxide, use
clean instrument
 • Parasitic Gastroenteritis
Mode of Transmission: direct infection with parasitic
larval stages
Symptoms: poor body condition, anemia, diarrhea,
potbelly and weakness
Prevention: regular deworming with effective
anthelmintics, pasture rotation and improve feeding
practices
 • Parasitic Pneumonia
Mode of Transmission: infection with the parasite in the
larval stage through herbage
Symptoms: persistent husky, coughing, respiratory
distress (same as parasitic gastroenteritis)
Prevention: regularly deworming with tetramisole,
albendazole or oxfendazole (same as parasitic
gastroenteritis)
 • Tapeworm Infection
Mode of Transmission: through ingestion of plant mites
that are intermediate host
Symptoms: same as other internal parasitism, passage
of tapeworm segment in the feces
Prevention: regularly deworming with tetramisole,
albendazole or oxfendazole
 • Liverfluke Disease
Symptoms: unthriftiness, loss of weight, anemia and
edema
Prevention: prevent animals from grazing on infected
pastures, use flukicide, anthelmintics in treatment
 • Lice Infestation
Mode of Transmission: direct or indirect contact with
infected animals through environment or facilities
Symptoms: constant scratching and rubbing
Prevention: use insecticide (asuntol, ciodrin, diazinon),
spray pens and litter
 • Mange
Mode of Transmission: direct or indirect contact with
infected animals
Symptoms: itchiness and irritation, shin become
hairless, thickened or scabby
Prevention: regular spraying of acaricides such as
malathion, diazinon. Interval treatment should be 7-10
days with 2-3 applications.
 • Bloat

Symptoms: uneasiness, difficulty in breathing, rapid and

shallow
Prevention: use insecticide (asuntol, ciodrin, diazinon),
spray pens and litter
 Other Management Practices:
• Hoof Trimming
• Dehorning
• Castration
• Tattooing, Ear Notching and Other
Forms of Identification
• Recording
 SWINE
PRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

Hog raising is a very popular enterprise in the

Philippines

Benefits of pig farming

 Pigs have the advantage of being prolific
breeders
 Pig Farming is a very Lucrative business
 Pigs have a faster growth rate
 Pigs have a high food conversion ratio
 The setup cost and management of
commercial pig farming business are easy.
LARGE WHITE OR
YORKSHIRE
 Entirely white
 Erect ears.
 Sows have superior mothering
ability, farrow and wean large
litters and are excellent milkers.
 Adapt well to confinement but
not to rugged conditions.
 Slaughter animals yield a high
dressing percentage, produce
fine quality meat and compare
favorably with other breeds.
LANDRACE
 Landrace are white
 have short legs
 drooping ears
 sows are noted for their excellence
in mothering ability and litter size.
 heavy milkers and produce pigs
with superior rate of growth and
efficiency in feed utilization.
 produce pigs of highly acceptable
carcass quality.
 however, weak on the feet and
legs and have problems adapting
to rugged conditions.
DUROC JERSEY
 color is of varying shades of
red.
 sows are prolific and are good
mothers.
 produce pigs that are superior
in growth rate, feed
conversion, and their
performance under rugged
conditions is better than any of
the white breeds.
PIETRAIN
 very meaty with spotted
black and white color.
 has well-shaped hams, loin
and shoulders.
 Ears are erect.
 carcass has a high lean
meat percentage, but it has
a poor body constitution.
 Feed efficiency is not really
good and they are a little bit
slow grower
 highly susceptible to stress..
PHILIPPINE NATIVE PIG
 generally small.
 black, with occasional white
markings on the pasterns, tail,
face and snout.
 narrow-bodied, pot-bellied and
with sagging back.
 legs are short with all four toes
touching the ground when
standing.
 Some prominent features are
long, straight and pointed
snout, and small and erect
ears.
Types of Piggery Operation
Backyard
1 – 25 sows

 Semi-commercial
25 – 50 sows

 Commercial
51 sows - above
 Selection Criteria for Gilts
 Gilt should have well developed udder.
 Six pairs nicely placed teats.
 Choose those which do not have inverted teats.
 A long body is more desirably in sows because
it provides more space for udder development;
 Should have long barrel and a good back curve
 Good development of the ham, Loin and
shoulder
 Must have strong legs
 Should come from a litter of 8 - 12
 Good mothering instinct
 Selection Criteria for Boars
 Masculinity, both in appearance and action.
 Primary sex organs should be clearly visible and well-
developed.
 Select only those boars whose testicles are of equal
size
 Good behavior towards female
 Should have long barrel and a good back curve
 Good development of the ham, Loin and shoulder
 Must have strong legs
 Should come from a litter 8 – 12.
 Housing
 Provide a dry, clean and well-
ventilated pen to prevent
diseases.
 For a small or backyard
operations, cheap and locally
available materials may be used
such as bamboo and nipa.
 The house should be
constructed on a slightly sloping
and well-drained area.
 The flooring should be made
from concrete.
Factors to Consider
 Easy to clean
 Good drainage
 Provide comfort
 Cost
 Orientation of the building
 Wind direction
 Proper ventilation
 Type of roofing
 Type of flooring
 Comfort Zone for Swine
Age Temperature
Newborn piglets 80 – 90 °F
Weanling 70 – 75 °F
Grower / finisher 60 – 70 °F

Sow / boar 50 – 60 °F
 Management for Jr. Boar

 Starts serving at 8 months

 90 – 100 kilos breeding weight
 Give 2.0 – 2.5 kilos feeds per day
 Vaccination hog cholera, FMD, parvo-lepto, and
psuedorabies (6 – 7.5 months)
 Deworm boar (7.5 months)
 Administer vitamin ADE before breeding
 Management for Sr. Boar
 Give 2.5 – 2.8 kilos of feeds
 Vaccinate hog cholera every 6 months
 Deworm every 4 months
 Administer B-complex every month
 Always check the fertility and breeding capacity
 Cull undesirable breeders
Management Practices of Sow and
Gilts
 6 – 8 months onset puberty of swine
 90 – 100 kilos breeding weight
 114 gestation period
 Cull undesirable breeder
 Watch closely for occurrence of heat period
 Administer B-complex or vitamin ADE before breeding
 Deworm sow before breeding
 Immunize with hog cholera, FMD, parvo vaccine and
other prevalent disease in the area.
 Heat Detection (Estrus)
 Stand still when mounted
 Swelling and reddening of the vulva
 Mucus discharge
 Mounting other animals
 Frequent urination
 Lack of appetite
 Restlessness
 Management for Pregnant Sows
 Give hog gestating feeds 2.0 – 2.5 kilos per day
 Initial dose advance iron (85 days)
 Vaccinate with hog cholera (85 days)
 Booster shot advance iron (100 days)
 Deworm sow (105 days)
 Transfer the sow to farrowing pen 1 week before
 Signs Prior to Farrowing
 Heavy breathing
 Nesting characteristic
 Restlessness
 Water discharges from the vulva
 Shrinking of the vulva
 Milk letdown
 Management of sow after
furrowing
 Administer antibiotic immediately
 Inject vitamin B-complex
 Give oxytocin for milk let down
Management for Newborn Piglets
 Wipe the mucus membrane in the nostrils
 Discard and remove placenta properly
 Tail docking and teeth cutting
 Initial dose iron (3 days)
 Initial dose B-complex (10 days)
 Booster shot iron and castration (14 days)
 Initial dose hog cholera vaccine (21 days)
 Booster shot B-complex (25 days)
 Weaning (30 days)
 Management for Growers

 Deworming (35 – 40 days)

 Booster shot hog cholera vaccine (42 days)
 Administer B-complex (60 Days)
 Deworm (90 days)
 Feeds and Feeding
Stage Feeding day Kilogram / day
Booster 5 – 35 50 grams
Pre-starter 36 – 56 500 grams
Starter 57 – 85 1.0 kg
Grower 86 – 120 1.7 kg
Finisher 121 - harvest 2.0 kg
Breeder 8 months - up 2.0 – 3.0 kg
 Age of Swine Weight in Average Daily Feed
(weeks) kilograms Consumption (kg)
10-12 20-25 1-1.2
12-13 25-30 1.2-1.4
13-15 30-35 1.4-1.6
16 35-40 1.6-1.8

Average 17
18
40-45
45-50
1.8-1.9
1.9-2.0

Feeding 19
20
50-55
55-60
2.0-2.1
2.1-2.2

per Day 21
22
60-65
65-70
2.2-2.3
2.3-2.4
23 70-75 2.4-2.5
24 75-80 2.5-2.6
25 80-85 2.6-2.7
26 85-90 2.7-2.8
27 90-95 2.8-2.9
28 95-100 2.9-3.0
Swine Common Diseases
 Swine Dysentery (Scours)
 Body system affected:
gastrointestinal
 Cause: bacteria
 Type of swine affected: 8-14 weeks old
 Symptoms: slows growth of pig; loose,
frequent, off-colored feces; lethargy;
dehydration
 Treatment: antibiotics such as
APRALYTE (Apramycin sulfate 100 g,
attapulgite 200 g, calcium
pantothenate12g) , sanitation
 Actinobacillus
(Haemophilus Pneumonia)
 Body system affected: respiratory
 Cause: bacteria
 Type of swine affected: growing-
finishing swine
 Symptoms: abdominal breathing,
high fever, sudden death
 Treatment: antibiotics such as
Levofloxacin (LIVOCIN) and
Oxcytetracycline (SUSTALIN LA).
 Swine erysipelas
 Causative agent
Caused by Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae
 Transmission
Transmission through feces,
Direct contact with carrier and
Ingestion of contaminated pigs
 Clinical signs
High morbidity, Fever in acute stages,
Conjunctivitis and vomiting, Squealing in pain on
movement, Lack of appetite and Swollen joints and
lameness
 Treatment

Antibiotics (penicillin), Administration of antibiotics such

as Normycin and Liquamycin Vaccination
 Prevention
Deworming and Regular disinfection
 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory
Syndrome
 Body system affected:
reproductive and respiratory
 Cause: virus
 Type of swine affected: all
 Symptoms: birth of
premature litters; stillborns;
increased preweaning illness
in piglets; respiratory disease
in the nursery
 There is no Treatment
 Parasites
 Common Types: Mange, Lice,
Roundworms, Threadworms, and
Nodular worms
 Causes: lack of sanitation
 Treatment: spraying with insecticides
for mange and lice use of deworming
agents on worm
 Insecticide such as Carbaryl and
Malathion that would be applied in
small proportion and Ivermectin and
abendazole for deworming.
 Symptoms: presence of the parasite on
the hair or in the feces, loss of hair and
scaling of skin, reduced performance.
 Mastitis, Metritis and Agalactia
(MMA)
 Causative agent
caused by a bacterial infection
of the mammary glands (udder)
and/or the urogenital tract.
 Clinical signs
Constipation, High fever, Loss
of appetite, Restlessness and
Temperament
 Treatment
Antibiotic administration
 Prevention
Regular disinfection
THANK YOU…