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Introduction
• Bridge is A structure with to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as A body of
Water nil you can consider river , cannel valley or road for the propose of providing over the obstacle.

• So that means you can say hole is whenever we require bridge we always require bridge on the orthogonal
direction that means from one side one bridge is coming and other passage and another one we would like
to overcome that one and then we require a bridge and it can in Multiple level also in cities you may found
you have found may be that there are so many levels Of fully over’s moving one after the above.

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 Key element
• It likely controls the capacity.
• It is the highest cost per kilometer.
• If the bridge fails, the system fails.

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 Natural bridge , andaman
• Just to give you a interesting way this is the one they call it natural bridge in andaman and which Was
never in use you can see this one I can say this is the one we can use the passage and other One also you
can use it here though it was never used but this one definitely as a very good Produced spot in andaman,
jut to give a natural bridge that with they are popularly call it as Actually howrah bridge also.

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 Pamban bridge ,ramaswaram,1914
• This is the very, very old bridge so this is the one in ramaswaram that one with the mean land of our
country india that is actually constructed but why I told you that one that is also very interesting thing that
I am going to tell you with the name then it.

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 Howrah bridge,kolkata,1943
• Howrah bridge kolkata 1943 that is also it was a steel bridge actually that one we can consider that one
this portion actually your having can tell your portion this one suspended portion over this where to
other side also the similar kind of things there.

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 Vidysagar setu ,kolkata,1992
• October 10, 1992, it became the longest span bridge of this type in the world. At that time it was the
first cable-stayed bridge in india, the largest in Asia and the third largest in the world.

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 Mahatma Gandhi Setu,patna,1992
• Mahatma Gandhi setu in patna that you can you can see that is one step in 1982 and the 4th one the
vidyasagar setu kolkata in 1992 now the question is that why I have chosen these there are so many bridge
very, very iconic bridge in the wall that why I have chosen.

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 BRIDGE CONTROL
 The bridge control both the volume and weight of the traffic carried.
• If the width of a bridge is insufficient to carry the number of lanes required to handle the traffic volume ,
the bridge will be a constriction to the traffic flow.
• If the strength of a bridge is deficient and unable to carry heavy truck , load limits will be posted and
truck traffic will be rerouted.

Width of road

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 Bridges are expensive
• The typical cost per kilometer of a bridge is many times that of the appraoach roadways.
• This is a major investment and must be carefully planned for best use of the limited funds available for a
transportation system.

If the bridge fails, the system fails.

• When a bridge is removed from service and not replaced, the transportation system may be restricted in its
functrion.
• Traffic may be detoured over routes not designed to handle the increase in volume.
• Users of the system experience increased travel times and fuel expenses.
• Normally does not return until the bridge is repaired or replaced.

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 COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
• Sub structure
• Super structure or decking components

• Components above bearing

Super structure

• Components below bearing

Sub structure

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 SUBSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
• Abutment
• Wing wall
• Pier
• Pier cap
• Foundation

FOUNDATION
• Transfer loads coming superstructure and substructure to hard strata.
• Foundation type depends on the loads on structure and design requirements .

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ABUTMENT
• End vertical supports of a bridge for super structure or decks.
• Acts as roadway.
• Retains roadway backfill.
• Acts as vertical support and lateral support.
• Resist lateral movement of earth fill.

WING WALL
• Located near abutment.
• Extension of abutment.
• They are right angled or splayed.
• Retain earth in the approach area.

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PIERS
• Intermediate vertical supports between bridge span.

Supports

End supports Inter mediate supports

Abutment Piers

• Piers got pier caps : Sufficient bearing area

• Transfer vertical loads super structure to foundation
• Piers are compression members designed for vertical loads
• In high seismic areas they are designed for later load also 14
BEARING
• Resting surface between bridge deck and pier cap.
• Control movement .
• Reduce stresses both vertical and horizontal direction.

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 Bridge Deck
• The load bearing floor of a bridge which carried spreads the loads to the main beams.it is either of
reinforced concrete, pre- stressed, welded steel etc.

• whenever you are considering this cross barrier, this support that for that also you have to provide that
deck, this is very important here and here obviously that deck will be depended on that size of the deck
will be depended on traffic volume. 16
 CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGE
• Bridges are classified as
1. Minor bridge ( up to 60 m)
2. Major bridge ( over 60 m)

• Bridges can be also classified in different ways

I. Materials
II. Usage
III. Span
IV. Structural form

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 MATERIALS
• Concrete
• Steel
• Wood
• Hybrid(Here we can consider your concrete steel, wood, hybrid combination of that one you can
consider that one hybrid steel concrete composite were you also call it composite is our steel part and
concrete part that one it can be just own in bridge there are so many Arch bridges we will find out may
actually your stones and bricks you can find out that that steel their existing)
• Stone/Brick

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Usage
• Pedestrian
• Highway
• Rail

Span
•Short (up to 10 m)
• Small span( 10 m to 20 m)
• Median(20 m to 50 m)
• Large(50 m to 150 m)
• Long(over 150 m)
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Small Span Bridges (Up To 15 M)
• Culvert Bridge
• Slab Bridge
• T-beam Bridges
• Wood Beam Bridge
• Precast Concrete Box Beam Bridge
• Precast Concrete I-girder Bridge
• Rolled Steel Beam Bridges

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Medium Span Bridges(up To 50 M)
• Pre-cast Concrete Box Beam Bridge
• Pre-cast Concrete I-girder Bridge
• Composite Rolled Steel Beam Bridge
• Composite Steel Plate Girder Bridge
• Cast-in-place RCC Box Girder Bridge
• Cast-in-place Post-tension Concrete Box Girder Bridge
• Composite Steel Box Girder Bridge

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 LARGE SPAN BRIDGES (SPAN 50 M TO 100 M)
• Composite Steel Plate Girder Bridge
• Cast-in-place - Tensioned Concrete Box Girder
• Post-tension Concrete Segmental Construction
• Concrete Arch And Steel Arch

Long Span Bridges ( Over Span 150 M)

• Cable Stayed Bridge
• Suspension Bridge

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 STRUCTURAL FORM
• Slab
• Girder
• Truss
• Arch
• Suspension
• Cable Stayed

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WHAT IS DECK SLAB BRIDGE ?
• A bridge with an upper horizontal beam that carries roadway or railway is known as
“DECK” of the bridge.
• In Deck Slab Bridge, the deck itself is the structural frame or the entire deck is thin
beam acting entirely as one primary member . These types are used where the depth of
structure is critical factor.
• A slab deck is one where the deck is analyzed as a plate , If slab has the different
stiffness in two direction right angle to each other, the bridge is analyzed as the
orthotropic deck and the bridge is known to be the deck slab bridge.

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MAIN STRUCTURE BELOW THE DECK LINE

• Masonry arch
• Concrete arch
• Inclined leg frame arch
• Rigid frame arch

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MAIN STRUCTURE COINCIDES THE DECK LINE
• Slab bridge
• T-beam bridge
• I-girder bridge
• Steel plate girder
• Steel box

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TYPES OF VEHICLES
• Wheeled vehicle :-

• Tracked vehicle :-
Lager contact area . Pressure is less

P=F/A
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IRC CLASS LOADING

IRC Class AA Loading

Tracked Vehicle of 70 t load Wheeled Vehicle of 40 t load

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IRC CLASS AA tracked vehicle
POINTS TO REMEMBER :
• 35t load on each track.
• Ground contact length is 3.6 m 0.85 m
• Nose to tail spacing of vehicle is 7.2 m
• Nose to tail spacing of the successive
3.6 m
vehicles should be minimum 90 m.
• The minimum clearance between
the road face of the kerb and the outside
edge of the track shall be 1.2 m.

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IRC Class AA Wheeled Vehicle
POINTS TO REMEMBER :
• Centre to center distance between
The axles should be 1.2 m maximum.
• Nose to tail spacing of
The successive vehicles should be
minimum 90 m.
• The minimum clearance between
the road face of the kerb and outside
edge of the track shall be 1.2 m

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 IRC Class 70 R Loading

Tracked Vehicle of 70 t load Bogic Vehicle 40 t Wheeled Vehicle of 100 t load

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IRC CLASS 70R TRACKED VEHICLE

Points to remember :

• Ground contact length is 4.570 m

• Nose to tail spacing of
the successive vehicles should be minimum 90 m.
• The minimum clearance between
the road face of the kerb and outside
edge of the track shall be 1.2 m
0.85 m

4.57m

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IRC CLASS 70R WHEELED VEHICLE

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IRC CLASS 70R WHEELED VEHICLE

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IRC CLASS 70R WHEELED VEHICLE

• M – TYPE = 4*7 = 28 NO S OF WHEELS

• N- TYPE = 8*7 = 56 NO S OF WHEELS
• L – TYPE = 2 * 7 = 14 NO S OF WHEELS
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 REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB DECK
• Calculation steps :
• Step 1 : Data
• Step 2 : Characteristics Strength of Material
• Step 3 : Depth of Slab and Effective Span
• Step 4 : Dead Load Bending Moment
• Step 5 : Live Load Bending Moment
• Step 6 : Shear due to Class Tracked Vehicle
• Step 7 : Design of Deck Slab
• Step 8 : Check for Ultimate Flexural Strength
• Step 9 : Check for Ultimate Shear Strength
• Step 10 : Check for Serviceability Limit States
• Step 11 : Sketch the Details of Reinforcement
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 List of Symbols and Notations
A Cross section area
Ac Concrete cross sectional area
Ast Cross section area tension reinforcement
Asc Cross section area compression reinforcement
b Breadth of beam, or Shorter dimension of a rectangular beam

bef Effective width of slab

bw Width of member in slab and width of rib in beams
Ec Modulus of elasticity of Concrete
fctm Tensile strength of Concrete
fct Split tensile strength of concrete
fcr Modulus of rupture of concrete
Ief Effective moment of inertia
Igr Moment of inertia of gross section excluding reinforcement
Ir Moment of inertia of cracked section
h Overall depth
K Shear strength enhancing factor
VR.d.c Design shear resistance

Wk The design surface crack width

σs Stress in tension reinforcement calculated using the cracked concrete section

kt Factor that account for duration of loading (taken as 0.5)

K1 0.8 for high bond bars
K2 0.5 for flexure and 1.0 for direct tension
Srmax Maximum crack spacing

ƍpef (As/b×hc,eff)
MW Service load moment 37
EXAMPLE :
Design the reinforced concrete slab deck and sketch the details of reinforcement in the longitudinal and cross
section
of slab . The design should conform to the specifications of IRC : 6 – 2014 and IRC : 112 -2011.
• Carriage Way – Two land (7.5 m wide)
• Foot paths – 1m on either side
• Clear Span – 6 m
• Wearing Coat – 80 mm
• Width of bearing – 400 mm
• Materials : M-25 Grade Concrete
• Fe – 415 Grade HYSD bars
• Loading – IRC Class AA tracked Vehicle
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STEP 11 : SKETCH THE DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT

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ADVANTAGES
• Formworks is simpler and less costly .
• Smaller thickness of deck thereby reducing the height of fill and consequently the cost of the approaches .
• Simpler arrangement of reinforcement .
• Reinforcement are evenly distributed throughout full width of deck instead of being concentrated at girder
• Placing of concrete in solid slab is much easier than slab and girder or any other similar type of bridges.
• Chances of honey-combing in concrete are less .

DISADVANTAGES
• Greater cost of material.
• Larger dead load.

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 CONCLUSION
• Reinforced concrete slab type deck are often referred to Culverts and commonly used for
small span . this type of super structure is economical for span up to 8m. For larger spans ,
prestressed concrete slab decks are preferred since the thickness of slab can be reduced.
• Slab deck are simpler for construction due to easier fabrication of form work , reinforcement
detailing and placement of concrete.
• The deck slab is designed as one way slab to support the dead and live load with impact.
• National highway bridge deck slab are generally designed to support the IRC Class AA or A
type vehicle load whichever gives the worst effect.
• The deck slab is generally designed for worst effect of either one lane of IRC 70R/Class AA
wheeled vehicle loading or one lane of 70R/Class AA wheeled vehicle or two lanes
of Class A load trains moving on the deck as specified in IRC: 6- 2014.
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REFERENCES
• Design of bridges : N.KRISHNA RAJU , Fifth edition, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co . Pvt .
Ltd. New Delhi , (2019).
• Limit state design of reinforced concrete, second edition, P. C. VARGHESE, PHI learning Pvt
. Ltd., New Delhi, (2011).
• Design of bridge structures, T. R. JAGADEESH and M. A.JAYARAM, prentice-hall of India
Pvt . Ltd., New Delhi, (2000).
• Concrete Bridge Practice, Analysis, Design And Economic , Second Edition, V. K. RAINA,
Tata Mc - Graw Hill, New Delhi,(1994).
• Essentials of bridge engineering, fourth edition, D. JOHNSON VICTOR, Oxford & IBH
publishing co. Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, (1991).
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REFERENCES
• IS 456:2000 : Indian Standard Plain And Reinforced Concrete - Code Of Practice (Fourth
Revision), Bureau Of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
• IRC-5 : Standard Specifications And Code Of Practice Of Road Bridges, Section I : General
Features Of Design, The Indian Roads Congress.
• IRC-6:2014 : Standard Specifications And Code Of Practice For Road Bridges, Section II :
Loads And Stresses, The Indian Roads Congress.
• IRC-112:2011 : Code Of Practice For Concrete Road Bridges, The Indian Roads Congress.
• IRC:SP:105-2015 : Explanatory Handbook To IRC:112-2011Code Of Practice For
Concrete Road Bridges, The Indian Roads Congress.
• IRC 21 : 2000 Standard Specifications And Code Of Practice For Road Bridges,
Section III : Cement Concrete (Plain And Reinforced) (Indian Roads Congress,
New Delhi). 52
THANK YOU

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