Dan Kevin Castro Mandocdoc

 Avoid plagiarizing another’s work

 Aid the future researcher find one’s sources
 Provide evidence for one’s argument
 Not an overnight thing
 Tips for thesis:
 Settle on a thesis topic as early as possible
 Complete the citation details while writing the
body
 Primary authorities
 Secondary authorities
 Books
 Journal articles
 Theses
 News clips
 Reliable websites
 Ateneo Law School:
 Footnotes
▪ ALJ Legal Citation Guide
▪ The Bluebook
 Bibliography
▪ Atty. Arriola: Modified Turabian
 General rules:
 Footnotes = sentences
 Accuracy
 Subsequent citations
 Block quote v. “direct quote” v. paraphrasing
 Footnote reference placement
 After the punctuation mark/quotation mark
 Philippine Constitution:

PHIL. CONST. art. ___, § ___, ¶ ___.

Note:
Always cite the Constitution in full.

1. PHIL. CONST. art. II, § 3.

2. PHIL. CONST. art. II, § 3.
 Codes/Statutes:

Full Title, [Short Title], Statute Number,

subdivisions, (year).

3. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil

Code of the Philippines [CIVIL CODE],
Republic Act No. 386, art. 21 (1950).
 Subsequent citations:

Short Title, subdivisions.

4. PHIL. CONST. art. I.

5. CIVIL CODE, art. 3.
6. Id. art. 207.
 Supreme Court Decisions:

Case Title, volume number SCRA/SCAD/Phil.

first page, cited page (year).

7. Caguioa v. Magtoto, 436 SCRA 3, 41

(2007).
 Subsequent citations:

First Party, volume number SCRA/SCAD/Phil.

at cited page.

8. Caguioa, 436 SCRA at 54.

9. Id.
10.Id. at 52.
 Separate opinions

Cite like an ordinary case (J. Surname of

Justice, separate/concurring/dissenting
opinion).

11.Pabilane v. Magtoto, 436 SCRA 30, 41

(2007) (J. Quan, dissenting opinion).
12.Id. at 59 (J. Cervantes-Poco, concurring
opinion).
 Books with Single Author

AUTHOR, TITLE cited page (year of

publication or edition number year of
publication).

13.FLORENZ D. REGALADO, CRIMINAL LAW

CONSPECTUS 45 (4th ed. 2009).
14.Id. at 342.
 Books with Multiple Authors

AUTHOR 1 & AUTHOR 2 OR AUTHOR 1, ET AL.,

TITLE cited page (year of publication or edition
number year of publication).

15.JOSE C. VITUG & ERNESTO D. ACOSTA, TAX

LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE 89 (3d ed. 2006).
 Subsequent Citations

SURNAME OF AUTHOR(S), supra note

footnote, at page being cited.

16.REGALADO, supra note 13, at 13.

17.VITUG & ACOSTA, supra note 15, at 432.
 Consecutively Paginated Journals

Author, Title of the Article, volume number

JOURNAL first page, cited page (year).

18. Ryan Jeremiah D. Quan, Revisiting the

Element of Exploitation in the Definition
of Trafficking in Persons in Republic Act
No. 9208, 57 ATENEO L.J. 402, 405 (2012).
19.Id. at 408.
 Unpublished Theses

Author, Title of the Article, at page number (date)

(description, institution that awarded the degree)
(source).
20. Jose P. Tejada Jr., A Critique of the
Jurisprudence on the Matter of Supreme
Court’s Administrative Supervision, at 11
(2002) (unpublished J.D. thesis, Ateneo de
Manila University) (on file with the Professional
Schools Library, Ateneo de Manila University).
 Websites

Author, Title of the Article, available at URL (last

accessed date).
21. United Nations Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights, What are
human rights?, available at http://
www.ohcch.or/en/issues/Pages/
WhatareHumanRights.aspx (last accessed June
26, 2012).
 News Articles Online

Author (if available), Headline, NEWSPAPER,

date of publication, available at URL (last
accessed date).
22. Maila Ager, Tupas on disclosure of evidence:
What’s wrong?, PHIL. DAILY INQ., Jan. 4,
2012, available at http://newsinfo.inquirer.
net/122301/tupas-on-disclosure-of -
evidence-what’s-wrong (last accessed June 26,
2012).
 Subsequent Citations

23. Quan, supra note 18, at 430.

24. Tejada Jr., surpa note 20, at 35.
25. Ager, supra note 22.
 Double citations
 “the text is citing another text”
 Follow this: X (citing Y).

26. Quan, supra note 18, at 435 (citing PHIL.

CONST. art. I).
27. Go v. Perez, 123 SCRA 45, 63 (1987) (citing
Ruiz v. Cruz, 4 Phil. 23, 45 (1930).
 Other uses of footnotes: Explanations
 The use of footnotes for explanations makes the work
more focused and cohesive.

Has the Philippines successfully transitioned

from its Marcosian28 past?

28.The Proponent uses the term “Marcosian” to refer to

the massive violations of civil and political rights and
the economic plunder committed by those in public
office during the time of Marcos.
 Other uses of footnotes: Indirect Citations
 Introductory signals
▪ Convey the relation between the text and the authority
cited in the footnote text
▪ May signify support, comparison, or divergence.
▪ Italicized for emphasis.
 The Bibliography is the summary of the
sources you used during your research
 It must be organized based on these:
 Grouping
 Clustering
 Sequencing
 Note: Panelists check the Bibliography.
 Tip: Start early,fix the Bibliography as early
as this semester so you can focus on the
substantive part of the thesis.
 Grouping
 First Part: Primary Authorities
 Second Part: Secondary Authorities
 Clustering
 Organize sources of the same class together
 Example: All books must be listed together.
 Grouping + Clustering

I. Primary Authorities
A. Constitution
B. Statutes
C. Cases
II. Secondary Authorities
A. Books
B. Journals
C. Internet Sources
 Sequencing
 For primary sources:
▪ Constitution – based on year of effectivity
▪ Statutes – based on class (BP, PD, RA)
▪ Then, based on year of effectivity
▪ If same year, based on BP/PD/RA number.
▪ Format: ALJ Bluebook (same with footnotes)
▪ Cases – based on level of court (SC, CA, RTC)
▪ Then, alphabetically
▪ Format: ALJ Bluebook
▪ Treaties, UN Documents, etc. – follow rule on statutes.
 Sequencing
I. Primary Authorities
A. Constitution
1973 PHIL. CONST.
1987 PHIL. CONST.
B. Statutes
Batas Pambasa
Presidential Decrees
Republic Acts
C. Jurisprudence
Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
 Sequencing
 For secondary sources: Turabian
▪ Surname first
▪ Alphabetical