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Chapter 3
Data Description
A statistic is a characteristic or
measure obtained by using the
data values from a sample.
A parameter is a characteristic or
measure obtained by using the
data values from a specific
population.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-7 3-2 The Mean (arithmetic average)
The mean is defined to be the sum of the
data values divided by the total number
of values.
We will compute two means: one for the
sample and one for a finite population of
values.
The mean, in most cases, is not an actual
data value.
X X ... + X
X= 1 2 n
n
X
n
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-10 3-2 The Sample Mean - Example
X X ... + X
=
1 2 N
N
X.
N
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-12 3-2 The Population Mean - Example
A small company consists of the owner , the manager ,
the salesperson , and two technicians. The salaries are
listed as $50,000, 20,000, 12,000, 9,000 and 9,000
respectively . (Assume this is the population.)
Then the population mean will be
X
=
N
50,000 + 20,000 +12,000 + 9,000 + 9,000
=
5
= $20,000.
(f X)
X=
n
Here f is the frequency for the
corresponding value of X , andn = f .
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-2 The Sample Mean for an Ungrouped
3-14 Frequency Distribution - Example
5
44 33
5
Score,
Score,X
Score,xX Ffrequency
requency, f f
Frequency, X
f fX
00 22 00
11 44 44
22 1212 2424
33 44 12
12
5
44 33 12
12
5
f X 52
X= = 2.08
n 25
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-2 The Sample Mean for a
3-16 Grouped Frequency Distribution
( f X )
X= m
.
n
Here X is the correspond ing
m
class midpoint.
G iv e n th e ta b le b e lo w , fin d th e m e a n .
Class
Class FFrequency,
requency, f f
15.5
15.5- -20.5
20.5 33
20.5
20.5- -25.5
25.5 55
25.5
25.5- -30.5
30.5 44
30.5
30.5- -35.5
35.5 33
35.5
35.5--40.5
40.5 22
5
f X 54 115 112 99 76
m
= 456
and n = 17. So
f X
X= m
n
456
= 26.82
17
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-20 3-2 The Median
When a data set is ordered, it is
called a data array.
array
The median is defined to be the
midpoint of the data array.
The symbol used to denote the
median is MD.
MD
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-21 3-2 The Median - Example
The weights (in pounds) of seven
army recruits are 180, 201, 220,
191, 219, 209, and 186. Find the
median.
Arrange the data in order and
select the middle point.
This
Thisclass
classcontains
containsthe
the5th
5ththrough
throughthe
the13th
13thvalues.
values.
G iv e n th e ta b le b e lo w , fin d th e m e d ia n .
Class
Class Frequency,
Frequency,f f
15.5
15.5- -20.5
20.5 33
20.5
20.5- -25.5
25.5 55
25.5
25.5- -30.5
30.5 44
30.5
30.5- -35.5
35.5 33
5
35.5
35.5--40.5
40.5 22
5
Class
Class Frequency,
Frequency,ff Cumulative
Cumulative
Frequency
Frequency
15.5
15.5--20.5
20.5 33 33
20.5
20.5 -- 25.5
25.5 55 88
25.5
25.5 -- 30.5
30.5 44 12
12
30.5
30.5 -- 35.5
35.5 33 15
15
5
35.5
35.5 -- 40.5
40.5 22 117
7
5
n =17
cf = 8
f = 4
w = 25.5 –30.5= 5
Lm 255
.
(n 2) cf (17/ 2) – 8
MD (w) Lm = (5) 255
.
f 4
= 26.125.
3-43 Distribution
( X ) , where
2
2
N
X = individual value
= population mean
N = population size
( X )
2
= .
2
XX–- (X(X–- ) )2
2
XX
1010 -25
-25 625
625
60
60 +25
+25 625
625
50
50 +15
+15 225
225
30
30 -5
-5 25
25
40
40 +5
+5 25
25
20
20 -15
-15 225
225
210
210 1750
1750
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-3 Measures of Variation - Sample
3-58 Variance
The unbiased estimat or of the population
variance or the sample varianc e is a
statisticwhose value approximates the
expected value of a population variance.
It is denoted by s , where
2
( X X ) 2
s
2
, and
n 1
X = sample mean
n = sample size
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-3 Measures of Variation - Sample
3-59 Standard Deviation
( X X ) 2
s = s
2
n 1
X ( X ) / n
2 2
s=
2
n 1
X ( X ) / n
2 2
s=
n 1
X ( X ) / n
2 2
s =
2
n 1
1263 (79) / 5
2
= 3.7
4
s= 3.7 19
.
s =
2
n 1
For
For grouped
grouped data,
data, replace
replace XXmm with
with
the
the observe
observe XXvalue.
value.
55 22 10 50
66 33 18 108
77 88 56 392
88 11 8 64
99 66 54 486
10
10 44 40 400
n = 24 fX = 186 fX 2 = 1500
f X
2
[( f X )
2
/ n]
s =
2
n 1
1500 [(186) / 24]
2
= 2.54
23
s 2.54 16 .
P(z<2.34) – p(z<0) © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
3-74 3-4 Measures of Position Percentiles
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8