Instructor’s Power Point for Optoelectronics and

Photonics: Principles and Practices

Second Edition
A Complete Course in Power Point

Chapter 1

ISBN-10: 0133081753
Second Edition Version 1.0337
[6 February 2015]
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 PEARSON
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From: S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles

and Practices, Second Edition, © 2013 Pearson Education, USA
Chapter 1 Wave Nature of Light
WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING: WDM
EDFA Configurations
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
 Light is an electromagnetic wave

An electromagnetic wave is a traveling wave that has time-varying electric and magnetic
fields that are perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation z.
Ex = Eo cos(tkz + )

Ex = Electric field along x at position z at time t

k = Propagation constant = 2/
 = Wavelength
 = Angular frequency = 2u (u = frequency)
Eo = Amplitude of the wave
 = Phase constant; at t = 0 and z = 0, Ex may or may not necessarily be zero
depending on the choice of origin.

(tkz + ) =  = Phase of the wave

This is a monochromatic plane wave of infinite extent traveling in the positive z

direction.
Wavefront

A surface over which the phase of a wave is constant is

referred to as a wavefront

A wavefront of a plane wave is a plane perpendicular to the

direction of propagation

The interaction of a light wave with a nonconducting medium

(conductivity = 0) uses the electric field component Ex rather
than By.

Optical field refers to the electric field Ex.

A plane EM wave traveling along z, has the same Ex (or By) at any point in a given xy plane.
All electric field vectors in a given xy plane are therefore in phase. The xy planes are of
infinite extent in the x and y directions.
 Phase Velocity
The time and space evolution of a given phase , for example that corresponding to a
maximum field is described by

 = tkz +  = constant
During a time interval t, this constant phase (and hence the maximum field) moves
a distance z. The phase velocity of this wave is therefore z/t. The phase velocity v
is

z 
v   
t k
 Phase change over a distance Dz

 = tkz + 
D = kDz
The phase difference between two points separated
by z is simply kz
since t is the same for each point

If this phase difference is 0 or multiples of 2 then the

two points are in phase. Thus, the phase difference 
can be expressed as kz or 2z/
Exponential Notation
Recall that
cos= Re[exp(j)]

where Re refers to the real part. We then need to take the real
part of any complex result at the end of calculations. Thus,

Ex(z,t) = Re[Eoexp(j)expj(tkz)]
or
Ex(z,t) = Re[Ecexpj(tkz)]

where Ec = Eoexp(jo) is a complex number that represents the

amplitude of the wave and includes the constant phase
information o.
Wave Vector or Propagation Vector
Direction of propagation is indicated with a vector k, called
the wave vector, whose magnitude is the propagation
constant, k = 2/. k is perpendicular to constant phase
planes.

When the electromagnetic (EM) wave is propagating along

some arbitrary direction k, then the electric field E(r,t) at a
point r on a plane perpendicular to k is

E (r,t) = Eocos(tkr + )

If propagation is along z, kr becomes kz. In general, if k has

components kx, ky and kz along x, y and z, then from the
definition of the dot product, kr = kxx + kyy + kzz.
 Wave Vector k

E (r,t) = Eocos(tkr + )

A traveling plane EM wave along a direction k

 Maxwell’s Wave Equation

 E  E  E
2 2
 E2 2
 2  2   o r  o 2  0
x 2
y z t
A plane wave is a solution of Maxwell’s wave equation

Ex = Eo cos(tkz + )
Substitute into Maxwell’s Equation to show that this is a solution.
 Spherical Wave
A
E  cos(t  kr )
r
 Examples of possible EM waves

Optical divergence refers to the angular separation of wave vectors on a given

wavefront.
 Gaussian Beam
The radiation emitted from a laser can be approximated by a Gaussian
beam. Gaussian beam approximations are widely used in photonics.

Wavefronts of a Gaussian light beam

 Gaussian Beam
The intensity across the beam follows a Gaussian distribution

Beam axis

Intensity = I(r,z) = [2P/(pw2)]exp(-2r2/w2)

q = w/z = l/(pwo) 2q = Far field divergence
 The Gaussian Intensity Distribution is Not Unusual
The Gaussian intensity distribution is also used in fiber optics
The fundamental mode in single mode fibers can be approximated with a
Gaussian intensity distribution across the fiber core

I(r) = I(0)exp(-2r2/w2)
 Gaussian Beam
2q = Far field divergence

zo = pwo2/l
 Gaussian Beam

w 2

Rayleigh range zo  o

2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
  z    z  
2 w  2 wo 1     2 w  2 wo 1   2  
  zo     wo  
 Real and Ideal Gaussian Beams

Definition of M2
wor r wor r   z M 2

2 1/ 2

M 2
 2 wr  2 wor 1    
wo ( /  )    w 2
or  
 Real Gaussian Beam

Real beam

2 1/ 2
  z M 2  
2 wr  2 wor 1   2 
 
  wor  
Correction note: Page 10 in textbook, Equation (1.11.1), w should be wr as above and wor
should be squared in the parantheses.
 Gaussian Beam in an Optical Cavity

Two spherical mirrors reflect waves to and from each other. The optical cavity contains a Gaussian
beam. This particular optical cavity is symmetric and confocal; the two focal points coincide at F.
 1/ 2
  z 2  z 25 m
2 w  2 wo 1      2 wo  (1 mm )  20 mm
  zo   zo 1.24 m
 Refractive Index

When an EM wave is traveling in a dielectric

medium, the oscillating electric field polarizes the
molecules of the medium at the frequency of the
wave

The stronger is the interaction between the field

and the dipoles, the slower is the propagation of the
wave
Refractive Index
 Maxwell’s Wave Equation in an isotropic medium

2E 2E 2E 2E

 2  2   o r  o 2  0
x 2
y z t
A plane wave is a solution of Maxwell’s wave equation

Ex = Eo cos(tkz + )
The phase velocity of this plane wave in the medium is given by

 1
v 
k  o r o
The phase velocity in vacuum is
 1
c 
ko  o o
 Phase Velocity and er
The relative permittivity r measures the ease with which the
medium becomes polarized and hence it indicates the extent of
interaction between the field and the induced dipoles.

For an EM wave traveling in a nonmagnetic dielectric medium of

relative permittivity r, the phase velocity v is given by

1
ν
 r o o
 Refractive Index n
1
Phase Velocity and er ν
 r o o
c
Refractive index n
definition
n   r
v
 Optical frequencies
Typical frequencies that are involved in
optoelectronic devices are in the infrared
(including far infrared), visible, and UV, and we
generically refer to these frequencies as optical
frequencies

Somewhat arbitrary range:

Roughly 1012 Hz to 1016 Hz

Low frequency (LF) relative permittivity er(LF) and refractive index n.
Refractive Index and Propagation Constant
ko Free-space propagation constant (wave vector)
ko 2π/
o Free-space wavelength
k Propagation constant (vave vector) in the medium
 Wavelength in the medium
k
n
ko
In noncrystalline materials such as glasses and liquids, the material structure is
the same in all directions and n does not depend on the direction. The refractive
index is then isotropic
 Refractive Index and Wavelength

It is customary to drop the subscript o on k and l

kmedium = nk
In free space

lmedium = l /n
Refractive Index and Isotropy

Crystals, in general, have nonisotropic, or

anisotropic, properties

Typically noncrystalline solids such as glasses and

liquids, and cubic crystals are optically isotropic;
they possess only one refractive index for all
directions
n depends on the wavelength
Dispersion relation: n = n(l)
The simplest electronic polarization gives
2 Nat =Number of atoms per unit
 N at Ze 2
 o   2
n  1   
volume
2
 2 Z = Number of electrons in the
  o me    2
 2 c  o atom (atomic number)

lo = A “resonant
frequency”
Sellmeier Equation
A1 A2 
2
A3 2 2
n 1 2
2
 2  2
  1   2   3
2 2 2
n depends on the wavelength

Cauchy dispersion relation

n = n(u)

n = n-2(hu)-2 + n0 + n2(hu)2 + n4(hu)4

n depends on the wavelength
Group Velocity and Group Index

There are no perfect monochromatic

waves

We have to consider the way in which

a group of waves differing slightly in
wavelength travel along the z-direction
 Group Velocity and Group Index

When two perfectly harmonic waves of frequencies 

and  +  and wavevectors kk and k + k interfere, they
generate a wave packet which contains an oscillating field at
the mean frequency  that is amplitude modulated by a
slowly varying field of frequency . The maximum
amplitude moves with a wavevector k and thus with a group
velocity that is given by

d
vg 
dk
 Group Velocity

Two slightly different wavelength waves traveling in the same direction result in a wave
packet that has an amplitude variation that travels at the group velocity.
 d
vg 
dk
Group Velocity

Consider two sinusoidal waves that are close in frequency, that is, they have
frequencies  and  + . Their wavevectors will be kk and k + k. The
resultant wave is

Ex(z,t) = Eocos[()t(kk)z]
+ Eocos[( + )t(k + k)z]

By using the trigonometric identity

cosA + cosB = 2cos[1/2(AB)]cos[1/2(A + B)]
we arrive at

Ex(z,t) = 2Eocos[()t(k)z][cos(tkz)]