AD HOC AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS – EC8702

Session by
Dr/L.RAJA, ASP/ECE

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Discussions in Previous session

 Introduction

 Wireless Networks

 Adhoc Networks & Types

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Agenda of the session

 Elements of Adhoc Networks

 Issues in Adhoc Network

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 Elements/Components

 Ad hoc networks don’t have any infrastructure.

 Only end devices are needed to establish ad hoc network
Hardwares
 Devices must be equipped with transceiver, so they can catch incoming signal and send a signal.
 Devices must be implemented with standard IEEE 802.11.
 Devices like
 Laptops,
 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA),
 smart phone - implemented with the standard IEEE 802.11, so they can join a infrastructure
network or ad hoc network.
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 Issues in Adhoc Networks
• Major issues and challenges - Ad hoc wireless system design
• Metrics - Design, Deployment, Performance.
Medium access scheme
Routing
Multicasting
Transport layer protocol
Pricing scheme
Quality of service provisioning
Self-organization
Security
Energy management
Addressing and service discovery
Scalability
Deployment considerations 5
 Media Access Scheme
• MAC – Distributed, shared channel for transmission of packets
• Performance of any wireless network hinges on the MAC protocol
• Major issues to be considered in designing a MAC protocol
• Distributed operation
• Synchronization
• Hidden terminals
• Exposed terminals
• Throughput
• Access delay
• Fairness
• Real-time traffic support
• Resource reservation
• Ability to measure resource availability
• Capability for power control
• Adaptive rate control
• Use of directional antennas
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Distributed operation
• Networks operate with no centralized coordination
• Design of MAC should involve with minimum control overhead
• In polling-based MAC protocols, partial coordination is required

Synchronization
• requirement of time synchronization
• Sync - mandatory for TDMA-based systems - transmission and reception slots
• usage of scarce resources – bandwidth and battery power
• control packets used for synchronization – increase collision in network.

Throughput
• maximize - throughput of the system
• minimizing occurrence of collisions, maximizing channel utilization,
• minimizing control overhead
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Can we apply media access methods from fixed networks?
Example CSMA/CD
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection

• send as soon as the medium is free, listen into the medium if a collision occurs
(original method in IEEE 802.3)
Problems in wireless networks
• signal strength decreases proportional to the square of the distance

• the sender would apply CS and CD, but the collisions happen at the receiver

• it might be the case that a sender cannot “hear” the collision, i.e., CD does not work

• furthermore, CS might not work if, e.g., a terminal is “hidden”

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 Hidden and Exposed Terminals
Hidden Terminals
• A sends to B, C cannot receive A
• C wants to send to B, C senses a “free” medium (CS fails)
• collision at B, A cannot receive the collision (CD fails)
• A is “hidden” for C

A B C
Exposed Terminals
• B sends to A, C wants to send to another terminal (not A or B)
• C has to wait, CS signals a medium in use
• but A is outside the radio range of C, therefore waiting is not necessary
• C is “exposed” to B
Access Delay
• average delay that any packet experiences to get transmitted
• MAC protocol should attempt to minimize the delay
Fairness
• ability of MAC protocol to provide an equal share or weighted share of BW
• Fairness - either node-based or flow based
• fairness is important - due to multi-hop relaying done by the nodes
• unfair relaying load - results in draining the resources
Real-time traffic support
• time-sensitive traffic such as voice, video, and real-time data requires
• explicit support from MAC
• contention-based channel access environment
Use of directional antennas
• increased spectrum reuse, reduction in interference, reduced power consumption.
• Most MAC protocols - use omnidirectional antennas

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Resource Reservation
• QoS defined parameters – bandwidth, delay, and jitter
• requires reservation of resources such as bandwidth, buffer space,
processing power
• reservation of resources - difficult task
• MAC protocol should provide - resource reservation and QoS provisioning
• MAC should provide an estimation of resource availability at every node
Capability for power control
• transmission power control reduces energy at nodes , decrease interference between nodes, increase frequency
reuse
Adaptive rate control
• variation in data bit rate achieved over a channel
• MAC protocol that has adaptive rate control – use high data rate when the sender & receiver are nearby ,
adaptively reduce the data rate - move away

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 Routing

Rresponsibilities of a routing protocol

 exchanging the route information

• finding feasible path to a destination ( hop length, power, lifetime )

• gathering information about the path breaks

• mending broken paths expending minimum processing power and bandwidth

• utilizing minimum bandwidth

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Major Challenges of a Routing protocol
 Mobility

 Bandwidth constraint

 Error-prone and shared channel

 Location-dependent contention

 Minimum route acquisition delay

 Quick route reconfiguration

 Loop-free routing

 Distributed routing

 Scalability, Provisioning of QoS, Support for time-sensitive traffic

 Security and privacy 13

Mobility
• mobility of nodes results in frequent path breaks, collisions, transient
loops, stale routing information
• good routing protocol should be able to efficiently solve all the above issues
Bandwidth constraint
• Bandwidth available per wireless link - depends on number of nodes and the traffic they handle
• only a fraction of the total bandwidth is available for every node
Error-prone and shared channel
• Bit Error Rate (BER) in a wireless channel is very high - 10-5 to 10-3
• ad hoc wireless networks should take this into account
• state of the wireless link, signal-to-noise ratio, and path loss for routing improves efficiency of
Routing protocol.
Location-dependent contention
• load on wireless channel varies with number of nodes in geographical area.
• contention for the channel is high – node increases
• high contention for the channel – high collision – wastage of BW
• built-in mechanisms for distributing network load uniformly across network

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Minimum route acquisition delay
• Delay for a node that does not have route to a particular destination
• Delay should be as minimal as possible
• Delay may vary with network size and load.
Quick route reconfiguration
• unpredictable changes in the topology of the network
• handle path breaks and subsequent packet losses
Loop-free routing
• fundamental requirement of any routing protocol
• should avoid unnecessary wastage of network bandwidth
• due to random movement of nodes, transient loops may form in route
• detect such transient routing loops and take corrective actions.
Distributed routing
• fully distributed
• use of centralized routing in a network may consume a large BW
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Scalability, Provisioning of QoS, time-sensitive traffic

• ability of the routing protocol to scale well - with a large number of nodes

• provide a certain level of QoS demanded by the nodes

• QoS parameters - bandwidth, delay, jitter, packet delivery ratio, throughput

• support for time-sensitive traffic
Security and privacy

• resilient to threats and vulnerabilities

• inbuilt capability to avoid resource consumption, DoS, impersonati on

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 Multicasting

 A multicast group is defined with a unique group identifier

 Nodes may join or leave the multicast group anytime

 In MANET, the physical topology can change often

 Need to take topology change into account when designing a multicast protocol

 Plays role -emergency search-and-rescue operations, military communication

 nodes form groups to carry out certain tasks

 power constraints, bandwidth - makes multicast routing very challenging.

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Issues in designing Multicast Routing Protocols

• Robustness

• Efficiency

• Control overhead

• Quality of service

• Efficient group management

• Scalability & Security

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Robustness
• able to recover and reconfigure quickly – link breaks –dynamic environments
Efficiency
• make a minimum number of transmissions to deliver data packet to all the group members
Control overhead
• scarce bandwidth –demands- minimal control overhead for the multicast session
Quality of service
• data transferred in a multicast session is time-sensitive
Efficient group management
• process of accepting multicast session members, maintaining the connectivity until session expires
Scalability & Security
• scale for a network with a large number of nodes
• Authentication of session members and prevention of non-members
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 Transport Layer Protocols
Connections
• Reliable delivery of data packets, flow control, and congestion control
Major performance degradation
frequent path breaks,
presence of stale routing information,
high channel error rate,
frequent network partition.
Path Break – Due to node mobility, limited transmission range.
 finding an alternate path or reconfiguring the broken path might longer retransmission time out
 Latency associated with reconfiguration of broken path, use of route caches result in stale route
information.
 Error occurs due to the channel noise, the presence of hidden terminals
 Due to the mobility – isolation of nodes from the network

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Pricing Scheme
 Ad hoc network's functioning depends on presence of relaying nodes
 Intermediate nodes in a path - relay data packets expend their resources -
 Battery charge and computing power
 pricing schemes - incorporate service compensation or service reimbursement
 participation guarantee - provide incentives to forwarding nodes
Addressing and Service Discovery
 address is globally unique -participate in communication
 Auto-configuration of addresses- required to allocate non-duplicate addresses to nodes
 Network should be able to locate services that other nodes provide.
 Identifying current location of the service provider gathers importance
 Provisioning of certain services demands authentication, billing, and privacy

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Energy Management
• Process of managing the sources and consumers of energy - enhancing lifetime of network
• Shaping energy discharge pattern of a node's battery – lifetime increases
• Identify route with minimum total energy consumption in the network
• Handling processor and interface devices to minimize power
Energy management classification
• Transmission power management
• Battery energy management
• Processor power management
• Devices power management

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Deployment Considerations
Good amount of planning and estimation of future traffic growth – required
 commercial ad hoc wireless network has the following benefits
 Low cost of deployment
 Incremental deployment
 Short deployment time
 Reconfigurability
Major issues to be considered in deploying
 Scenario of deployment
 Military deployment
 Emergency operations deployment
 Commercial wide-area deployment
 Home network deployment
 Area of coverage
 Service availability
 Operational integration with other infrastructure
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Quiz/Activity/Q&A

 What changes in a network over time as mobile devices add or leave a network ?

 What are the advantages of a Mobile Ad-hoc Network ?

 Why Mobile Ad-hoc Networks are less secure ?

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Session Handler Details
Dr.L.Raja
raja.lece@sece.ac.in
76672410124

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