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Introduction to OSPF
Agenda
• Basic Elements of OSPF
• OSPF in Service Provider Networks
• Best Common Practices in OSPF –
Network Aggregation
• OSPF Command Reference
Basic Elements of OSPF
OSPF
Z’s Link-state
Q’s Link-state
Z
A Q 2
B Z 13
Q Y X 13
C
Topology information is
X stored in a DB separate
X’s Link-state from the routing table
Link-State Routing
• Neighbor discovery
• Construct a Link State Packet (LSP)
• Distribute the LSP
– Link State Announcement – LSA
• Route calculation
• If a link fails
– Flood new LSPs
– All routers recalculate their routing tables
Low Bandwidth Utilization
FDDI
Dual Ring
LSA
X R1
LSA
R2
R3
N1 R1 N5
Cost = 10
R4
N4 Cost = 10
Fast Convergence
• Detection plus LSA/SPF
R2
Alternate Path
N1
R1
X R3
N2
Primary Path
Fast Convergence
• Finding a new path
– Flood LSAs in the area
LSA
– Based in acknowledgements
(Ack)
– Synchronized topology DB
N1
R1
X
– Each router calculates its routing
table for each destination network
Uses IP Multicast to
Send/Receive changes
• Multi-Access networks
– All routers must accept packets sent to the AllSPFRouters
(224.0.0.5) address
– All DR and BDR routers must accept packets sent to the
AllDRouters (224.0.0.6) address
• Hello packets are sent to the AllSPFRouters address
(Unicast for point-to-point and virtual links)
OSPF Areas
• Group of contiguous
nodes/networks
• Per area topology DB
Area 2 Area 3
– Invisible outside the area
– Reduces routing traffic
Area 0
• Backbone Area is contiguous Backbone Area
– All others areas must connect to
the backbone
• Virtual Links
Area 1
Area 4
Router Classification
IR
Area 2 Area 3
ABR/BR
Area 0
• Internal Router (IR)
IR/BR • Area Border Router
ASBR
(ABR)
To another AS • Backbone Router (BR)
Area 1 • Autonomous System
Border Router (ASBR)
OSPF Route Types
External Route
– Routes imported into OSPF from
another protocol or Static routes
Inter-Area Route Summarization
• Prefix or all subnets
• Prefix or all networks R2
• ‘Area range’ command
FDDI Backbone
Dual Ring
Area 0
RIP
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF BGP
etc.
Redistribute
External Routes
• Type 1 external metric: metrics are added to
the internal link cost To N1
External Cost = 1
Cost = 10
R1
To N1
R2 External Cost = 2
Cost = 8
R3
Network Type 1 Next Hop
N1 11 R2
N1 10 R3 Selected
Route
External Routes
• Type 2 external metric: metrics are compared
without adding the internal link cost To N1
External Cost = 1
Cost = 10
R1
To N1
R2 External Cost = 2
Cost = 8
R3
Network Type 2 Next Hop
N1 1 R2 Selected Route
N1 2 R3
Topology/Links-State DB
Hello
FDDI
Dual Ring
Hello Hello
The Hello Packet
• Router Priority
• Hello Interval
Hello
• Router dead interval
• Network mask FDDI
Dual Ring
• Options: T-bit, E-bit Hello Hello
• List of neighbors
Designated Router (DR)
One per multi-access network
Generates network links advertisements
Assists in DB synchronization
Backup
Designated Designated
Router Router
Designated Backup
Router Designated
Router
Designated Router by Priority
• Configured priority (per interface)
• Otherwise determined by the highest router ID
– The router ID is the loopback interface address, in
configured otherwise is the highest IP address
131.108.3.2 131.108.3.3
DR
144.254.3.5
Neighbor States
• 2-way
– The router sees itself in other Hello packets
– DR is selected from neighbors in state 2-way or greater
2-way
DR BDR
Neighbor States
• Full
– Routers are fully adjacent
– DB is synchronized
– Relationship to the DR and
BDR
Full
DR BDR
When to Become Adjacent
DR BDR
Backbone
1.A Area #0 3.A
1.B 3.B
1.C 3.C
1.D 3.D
2.A
2.B
2.C
1.B 1.A 3.B
3.A
Token
Ring
Token
Token
Ring 2.B Token
Ring
Ring
Token
Ring
Token 3.C 3.D
1.D
1.C Ring
2.A
2.C
Summarized: Summary Links
Backbone
Area #0
1 3
1.A
2.A 1.B
2.B Backboen 1.C
2.C 1.A Area #0 1.D
3.A 1.B 2.A
3.B 1.C 2.B
3.C 1.D 2.C
3.D 3.A
3.B
3.C
3.D
1.B 1.A 3.B
3.A
Token Token
Token Ring
Ring
2.B Token
Ring
Ring
Token
Ring
3.D
1.D Token 3.C
1.C Ring
2.A
2.C
Summarized: Summary Links
Backbone
Area #0
2,3 1,2
1,3
1.B 1.A 3.B 3.A
Token
Ring Token
Token
2.B Ring Ring
Token
Ring
Token 3.D
Ring 1.D 3.C
1.C
2.A
Token
Ring
Regular Area (Not a stub)
1,3
3.D
2.C
Normal Stub Area
1,3
2.C
Totally Stubby Area
1,3
2.C
Not-So-Stubby Area
• Capable of importing external routes in a limited
fashion
• Type-7 LSAs carry external information within an
NSSA
• NSSA border routers translate selected type-7 External Networks
LSAs into type -5 external network LSAs
ASBR X.1
1,3
External
Ring
2.B 2.A Ring
X.2
Token
Ring X.1 1.D
Token
Ring
Networks X.1, X.2
1.C
Token
Ring
3.C 3.D
Token
Ring
2.D
X.1, X.2
2.C
Addressing
Area 0
Network 192.117.49.0
Range 255.255.255.0
Autonomous
Internet
System (AS)
Border Router
OSPF Design
• Figure out your addressing first – OSPF
and addressing go together
– The objective is to maintain a small link-state
DB
– Create address hierarchy to match the
network topology
– Separate blocks for infrastructure, customer
interfaces, customers, etc.
OSPF Design
• Redundancy
– Dual links out of each area – using metrics (cost) for traffic
engineering
– Too much redundancy …
• Dual links to backbone in stub areas must be the same
– otherwise sub-optimal routing will result
• Too much redundancy in the backbone area without
good summarization will affect convergence in the area
0
OSPF for ISPs
Customer Connections
OSPF – Adding Networks
• Redistribute connected subnet
– Works for all connected interfaces on the
router but sends networks as external types-
2s – which are not summarized
• router ospf 100
• redistribute connected subnets
• Not recommended
OSPF – Adding Networks